Derivatives of [1,3]oxazin-2-one useful for the treatment of metabolic diseases such as lipid disorders

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to novel compounds of an 11 β-HSD1 inhibitor disclosed herein, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof, which are useful for the therapeutic treatment of diseases associated with the modulation or inhibition of 11/3-HSD1 in mammals. The invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions of the novel compounds and methods for their use in the reduction or control of the production of Cortisol in a cell or the inhibition of the conversion of cortisone to Cortisol in a cell.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/206,810, filed on Feb. 4, 2009. The entire teachings of the above application is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol (hydrocortisone), are steroid hormones that regulate fat metabolism, function and distribution, and play a role in carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. Glucocorticoids are also known to have physiological effects on development, neurobiology, inflammation, blood pressure, metabolism, and programmed cell death. Cortisol and other corticosteroids bind both the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), which are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and have been shown to mediate cortisol function in vivo. These receptors directly modulate transcription via DNA-binding zinc finger domains and transcriptional activation domains.

Until recently, the major determinants of glucocorticoid action were attributed to three primary factors: (1) circulating levels of glucocorticoid (driven primarily by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis); (2) protein binding of glucocorticoids in circulation; and (3) intracellular receptor density inside target tissues. Recently, a fourth determinant of glucocorticoid function has been identified: tissue-specific pre-receptor metabolism by glucocorticoid-activating and -inactivating enzymes. These 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) pre-receptor control enzymes modulate activation of GR and MR by regulation of glucocorticoid hormones. To date, two distinct isozymes of 11-beta-HSD have been cloned and characterized: 11β-HSD1 (also known as 11-beta-HSD type 1, 11betaHSD1, HSD11B1, HDL, and HSD11L) and 11β-HSD2. 11β-HSD1 is a bi-directional oxidoreductase that regenerates active cortisol from inactive 11-keto forms, whereas 11β-HSD2 is a unidirectional dehydrogenase that inactivates biologically active cortisol by converting it into cortisone.

The two isoforms are expressed in a distinct tissue-specific fashion, consistent with the differences in their physiological roles. 11β-HSD1 is widely distributed in rat and human tissues; expression of the enzyme and corresponding mRNA have been detected in human liver, adipose tissue, lung, testis, bone and ciliary epithelium. In adipose tissue, increased cortisol concentrations stimulate adipocyte differentiation and may play a role in promoting visceral obesity. In the eye, 11β-HSD1 may regulate intraocular pressure and may contribute to glaucoma; some data suggest that inhibition of 11β-HSD1 may cause a drop in intraocular pressure in patients with intraocular hypertension (Kotelevstev et al. (1997), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94(26):14924-9). Although 11β-HSD1 catalyzes both 11-beta-dehydrogenation and the reverse 11-oxoreduction reaction, 11β-HSD1 acts predominantly as a NADPH-dependent oxoreductase in intact cells and tissues, catalyzing the formation of active cortisol from inert cortisone (Low et al. (1994) J. Mol. Endocrin. 13: 167-174). In contradistinction, 11β-HSD2 expression is found mainly in mineralocorticoid target tissues such as kidney (cortex and medulla), placenta, sigmoid and rectal colon, salivary gland and colonic epithelial cell lines. 11β-HSD2 acts as an NAD-dependent dehydrogenase catalyzing the inactivation of cortisol to cortisone (Albiston et al. (1994) Mol. Cell. Endocrin. 105: R11-R17), and has been shown to protect the MR from glucocorticoid excess (e.g., high levels of receptor-active cortisol) (Blum, et al. (2003) Prog. Nucl. Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 75:173-216).

Mutations in either the 11β-HSD1 or the 11β-HSD2 genes result in human pathology. For example, individuals with mutations in 11β-HSD2 are deficient in this cortisol-inactivation activity and, as a result, present with a syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (also referred to as ‘SAME’) characterized by hypertension, hypokalemia, and sodium retention (Edwards et al. (1988) Lancet 2: 986-989; Wilson et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95: 10200-10205). Similarly, mutations in 11β-HSD1 and in the gene encoding a co-localized NADPH-generating enzyme, hexose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PD), can result in cortisone reductase deficiency (CRD); these individuals present with ACTH-mediated androgen excess (hirsutism, menstrual irregularity, hyperandrogenism), a phenotype resembling polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) (Draper et al. (2003) Nat. Genet. 34: 434-439).

Notably, disruption of homeostasis in the HPA axis by either deficient or excess secretion or action results in Cushing's syndrome or Addison's disease, respectively (Miller and Chrousos (2001) Endocrinology and Metabolism, eds. Felig and Frohman (McGraw-Hill, New York), 4^(th) Ed.: 387-524). Patients with Cushing's syndrome or receiving glucocorticoid therapy develop reversible visceral fat obesity. The phenotype of Cushing's syndrome patients closely resembles that of Reaven's metabolic syndrome (also known as Syndrome X or insulin resistance syndrome), the symptoms of which include visceral obesity, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, hypertension, type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidemia (Reaven (1993) Ann. Rev. Med. 44: 121-131). Although the role of glucocorticoids in human obesity is not fully characterized, there is mounting evidence that 11 β-HSD1 activity plays an important role in obesity and metabolic syndrome (Bujalska et al. (1997) Lancet 349: 1210-1213); (Livingstone et al. (2000) Endocrinology 131: 560-563; Rask et al. (2001) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86: 1418-1421; Lindsay et al. (2003) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88: 2738-2744; Wake et al. (2003) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88: 3983-3988).

Data from studies in mouse transgenic models supports the hypothesis that adipocyte 11 β-HSD1 activity plays a central role in visceral obesity and metabolic syndrome (Alberts et al. (2002) Diabetologia. 45(11): 1526-32). Over-expression in adipose tissue of 11 β-HSD1 under the control of the aP2 promoter in transgenic mice produced a phenotype remarkably similar to human metabolic syndrome (Masuzaki et al. (2001) Science 294: 2166-2170; Masuzaki et al. (2003) J. Clinical Invest. 112: 83-90). Moreover, the increased activity of 11 β-HSD1 in these mice is very similar to that observed in human obesity (Rask et al. (2001) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86: 1418-1421). In addition, data from studies with 11 β-HSD1-deficient mice produced by homologous recombination demonstrate that the loss of 11 β-HSD1 leads to an increase in insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance due to a tissue-specific deficiency in active glucocorticoid levels (Kotelevstev et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94: 14924-14929; Morton et al. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276: 41293-41300; Morton et al. (2004) Diabetes 53: 931-938).

The published data supports the hypothesis that increased expression of 11β-HSD1 contributes to increased local conversion of cortisone to cortisol in adipose tissue and hence that 11 β-HSD1 plays a role in the pathogenesis of central obesity and the appearance of the metabolic syndrome in humans (Engeli, et al., (2004) Obes. Res. 12: 9-17). Therefore, 11 β-HSD1 is a promising pharmaceutical target for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome (Masuzaki, et al., (2003) Curr. Drug Targets Immune Endocr. Metabol. Disord. 3: 255-62). Furthermore, inhibition of 11 β-HSD1 activity may prove beneficial in treating numerous glucocorticoid-related disorders. For example, 11 β-HSD1 inhibitors could be effective in combating obesity and/or aspects of the metabolic syndrome cluster, including glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and/or hyperlipidemia (Kotelevstev et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94: 14924-14929; Morton et al. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276: 41293-41300; Morton et al. (2004) Diabetes 53: 931-938). In addition, inhibition of 11 β-HSD1 activity may have beneficial effects on the pancreas, including the enhancement of glucose-stimulated insulin release (Billaudel and Sutter (1979) Horm. Metab. Res. 11: 555-560; Ogawa et al. (1992) J. Clin. Invest. 90: 497-504; Davani et al. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275: 34841-34844).

Furthermore, given that inter-individual differences in general cognitive function have been linked to variability in the long-term exposure to glucocorticoids (Lupien et al. (1998) Nat. Neurosci. 1: 69-73) and dysregulation of the HPA axis resulting in chronic exposure to glucocorticoid excess in certain brain subregions has been theorized to contribute to the decline of cognitive function (McEwen and Sapolsky (1995) Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 5: 205-216), one might predict that inhibition of 11β-HSD1 could reduce exposure to glucocorticoids in the brain and thereby protect against deleterious glucocorticoid effects on neuronal function, including cognitive impairment, dementia, and/or depression. Notably, it is known that stress and glucocorticoids influence cognitive function (de Quervain et al. (1998) Nature 394: 787-790); and it has been shown that 11 β-HSD1, through its control of glucocorticoid action in the brain, may have effects on neurotoxicity (Rajan et al. (1996) Neuroscience 16: 65-70; Seckl (2000) Neuroendocrinol. 18:49-99).

There is also evidence that glucocorticoids and 11 β-HSD1 play a role in regulation of in intra-ocular pressure (IOP) (Stokes et al. (2000) Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41: 1629-1683; Rauz et al. (2001) Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42: 2037-2042); if left untreated, elevated IOP can lead to partial visual field loss and eventually blindness. Thus, inhibition of 11 β-HSD1 in the eye could reduce local glucocorticoid concentrations and IOP, and 11 β-HSD1 hence could potentially be used to treat glaucoma and other visual disorders.

Transgenic aP2-11 β-HSD1 mice exhibit high arterial blood pressure and have increased sensitivity to dietary salt. Moreover, plasma angiotensinogen levels are elevated in the transgenic mice, as are angiotensin II and aldosterone; and treatment of the mice with an angiotensin II antagonist alleviates the hypertension (Masuzaki et al. (2003) J. Clinical Invest. 112: 83-90). This suggests that hypertension may be caused or exacerbated by 11 β-HSD1 activity. Thus, 11 β-HSD1 inhibitors may be useful for treatment of hypertension and hypertension-related cardiovascular disorders. Inhibition of 11 β-HSD1 in mature adipocytes is also expected to attenuate secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), which is an independent cardiovascular risk factor (Halleux et al. (1999) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabl. 84: 4097-4105).

Glucocorticoids can have adverse effects on skeletal tissues; and prolonged exposure to even moderate glucocorticoid doses can result in osteoporosis (Cannalis (1996) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81: 3441-3447). In addition, 11 β-HSD1 has been shown to be present in cultures of human primary osteoblasts as well as cells from adult bone (Cooper et al. (2000) Bone 27: 375-381), and the 11 β-HSD1 inhibitor carbenoxolone has been shown to attenuate the negative effects of glucocorticoids on bone nodule formation (Bellows et al. (1998) Bone 23: 119-125). Thus, inhibition of 11 β-HSD1 is predicted to decrease the local glucocorticoid concentration within osteoblasts and osteoclasts, thereby producing beneficial effects in various forms of bone disease, including osteoporosis.

11 β-HSD1 inhibitors may also be useful for immunomodulation. Although glucocorticoids are perceived to suppress the immune system, in actuality, there is a complex, dynamic interaction between the HPA axis and the immune system (Rook (1999) Baillier's Clin. Endocrinol. Metabl. 13: 576-581). Glucocorticoids play a role in modulating the balance between cell-mediated and humoral immune response, with high glucocorticoid activity normally associated with a humoral response. Inhibition of 11 β-HSD1 therefore can be used a means of shifting the immune response towards a cell-mediated response. Certain disease states, such as tuberculosis, leprosy (Hansen's disease) and psoriasis, trigger immune responses that are biased towards a humoral response whereas the more effective immune response may be a cell-mediated response. Hence, 11 β-HSD1 inhibitors may be useful for treating such diseases.

It has been reported that glucocorticoids inhibit wound healing, especially in diabetic patients with ulcers (Bitar et al. (1999) J. Surg. Res. 82: 234-243; Bitar et al. (1999) Surgery 125: 594-601; Bitar (2000) Surgery 127: 687-695; Bitar (1998) Am. J. Pathol. 152: 547-554). Patients that exhibit impaired glucose tolerance and/or type 2 diabetes often also have impaired wound healing. Glucocorticoids have been shown to increase the risk of infection and delay wound healing (Anstead (1998) Adv. Wound Care 11:277-285). Moreover, there is a correlation between elevated levels of cortisol in wound fluid and non-healing wounds (EP Patent App. No. 0 902 288). Recent published patent applications have suggested that certain 11 β-HSD1 inhibitors may be useful for promoting wound healing (PCT/US2006/043,951).

As evidenced herein, there is a continuing need for new and improved drugs that inhibit 11 β-HSD1. The novel compounds of the instant invention are effective inhibitors of 11 β-HSD1.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It has now been found that compounds of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, enantiomers and diastereoisomers thereof, are effective inhibitors of 11β-HSD1. The invention is a compound represented by Formula I:

In a first embodiment of the invention, the variables in Formula I are defined herein as follows:

r is 0, 1, 2 or 3;

s is 0 or 1 or when Q₂ is CH, s can also be 2;

Q₁ is nitrogen and Q₂ is CH, or Q₁ is CH and Q₂ is nitrogen;

each G¹ and G² is independently selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, carboxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, hydroxy(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, halo(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, hydroxy(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₂-C₄)alkynyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylhio, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, halo(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylhio, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cyclo-alkyl alkanesulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, H₂NCO, H₂NSO₂, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkylaminocarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, heterocyclosulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkyl sulfonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy-carbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, hetero aryl, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminosulfonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, cyano(C₁-C₆)alkyl, aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino carbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl and di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl;

R¹ is (a) absent or (b) is selected from (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkoxy, or (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl and is optionally substituted with up to four groups independently selected from fluorine, cyano, oxo, R⁴, R⁴⁰—, (R⁴)₂N—, R⁴O₂C—, R⁴S, R⁴S(═O)—, R⁴S(═O)₂—, R⁴C(═O)NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)O—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴OC(═O)NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NC(═NCN)NR⁴—, (R⁴O)₂P(═O)O—, (R⁴O)₂P(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂O—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NR⁴—, R⁴S(═O)₂NR⁴—, R⁴S(═O)₂NHC(═O)—, R⁴S(═O)₂NHC(═O)O—, R⁴S(═O)₂NHC(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NHC(═O)—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NHC(═O)O—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NHC(═O)NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NHC(═O)—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NHC(═O)O—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NHC(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴C(═O)NHS(═O)₂—, R⁴C(═O)NHS(═O)₂O—, R⁴C(═O)NHS(═O)₂NR⁴—, R⁴OC(═O)NHS(═O)₂—, R⁴OC(═O)NHS(═O)₂O—, R⁴OC(═O)NHS(═O)₂NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NHS(═O)₂—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NHS(═O)₂O—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NHS(═O)₂NR⁴—, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, aryl-amino and heteroarylamino;

A¹ is (a) a bond, or (b) (C₁-C₃)alkylene, CH₂CH₂O, wherein the oxygen is attached to Cy¹, or CH₂C(═O), wherein the carbonyl carbon is attached to Cy¹;

Cy¹ is aryl, heteroaryl, monocyclic cycloalkyl or monocyclic heterocyclyl and is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, carboxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, hydroxy(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, halo(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, hydroxy(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₂-C₄)alkynyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylhio, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, halo(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylhio, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cyclo-alkylalkanesulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, H₂NCO, H₂NSO₂, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkylaminocarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, heterocyclosulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, heteroaryl, oxo, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminosulfonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, cyano(C₁-C₆)alkyl, aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl and di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl;

Y is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl or oxo;

n is 0, 1 or 2;

E is (a) a bond or (b) (C₁-C₃)alkylene or (C₁-C₂)alkylenyloxy, wherein the O is attached to R², each of which is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from methyl, ethyl, trifluoromethyl or oxo;

R² is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl and is optionally substituted with up to 4 groups independently selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, carboxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, hydroxy(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, halo(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, hydroxy(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₂-C₄)alkynyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylhio, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, halo(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylhio, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkyl-alkanesulfinyl, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkyl-alkanesulfonyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cyclo-alkylalkanesulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, H₂NCO, H₂NSO₂, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkylaminocarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, heterocyclosulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkyl sulfonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, heteroaryl, oxo, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminosulfonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, cyano(C₁-C₆)alkyl, aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino carbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl and di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl;

R³ is selected from (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₅)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkoxy, or (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl and is optionally substituted with up to four groups independently selected from fluorine, cyano, oxo, R⁴, R⁴O—, (R⁴)₂N—, R⁴O₂C—, R⁴C(═O)O—, R⁴S, R⁴S(═O)—, R⁴S(═O)₂—, R⁴C(═O)NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)O—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴OC(═O)NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NC(═NCN)NR⁴—, (R⁴O)₂P(═O)O—, (R⁴O)₂P(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂O—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NR⁴—, R⁴S(═O)₂NR⁴—, R⁴S(═O)₂NHC(═O)—, R⁴S(═O)₂NHC(═O)O—, R⁴S(═O)₂NHC(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NHC(═O)—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NHC(═O)O—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NHC(═O)NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NHC(═O)—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NHC(═O)O—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NHC(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴C(═O)NHS(═O)₂—, R⁴C(═O)NHS(═O)₂O—, R⁴C(═O)NHS(═O)₂NR⁴—, R⁴OC(═O)NHS(═O)₂—, R⁴OC(═O)NHS(═O)₂O—, R⁴OC(═O)NHS(═O)₂NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NHS(═O)₂—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NHS(═O)₂O—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NHS(═O)₂NR⁴—, spirocycloalkyl; heterocyclyl (which in turn may be optionally substituted with alkyl, haloalkyl, halogen or oxo), heteroaryl (which in turn may be optionally substituted with alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, halogen, trifluoromethyl, dialkylamino, nitro, cyano, CO₂H, CONH₂, N-monoalkyl-substituted amido, N,N-dialkyl-substituted amido, or oxo), arylamino (which in turn may be optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, halogen, trifluoromethyl, dialkylamino, nitro, cyano, CO₂H, CONH₂, N-monoalkyl-substituted amido and N,N-dialkyl-substituted amido) and heteroarylamino (which in turn may be optionally substituted with alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, halogen, trifluoromethyl, dialkylamino, nitro, cyano, CO₂H, CONH₂, N-monoalkyl-substituted amido, N,N-dialkyl-substituted amido, or oxo);

R⁴ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl and (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl,

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.

Another embodiment of the invention is a method of inhibiting 11β-HSD1 activity comprising the step of administering to a mammal in need of such treatment an effective amount of an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.

Another embodiment of the invention is a method of treating a subject with a disease associated with the activity or expression of 11β-HSD1, comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective amount of an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.

Another embodiment of the invention is the use of an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting 11β-HSD1 activity in a mammal in need of such treatment.

Another embodiment of the invention is the use of an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a subject with a disease associated with the activity or expression of 11β-HSD1.

Another embodiment of the invention is an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof for inhibiting 11β-HSD1 activity in a mammal in need of such treatment.

Another embodiment of the invention is an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof for treating a subject with a disease associated with the activity or expression of 11β-HSD1.

Another embodiment of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising: i) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent; and ii) an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor disclosed herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof. The pharmaceutical composition is used in human therapy.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Another embodiment of the invention is a compound of Formulas Ia-Id, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof:

wherein the variables in Formulas Ia-Id are as defined for Formula I. Alternatively, Cy¹, in Formulas Ia-Id, is aryl, heteroaryl, monocyclic cycloalkyl or monocyclic heterocyclyl and is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, carboxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, hydroxy(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, halo(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, hydroxy(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₂-C₄)alkynyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylhio, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, halo(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylhio, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cyclo-alkylalkanesulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, H₂NCO, H₂NSO₂, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino carbonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkylaminocarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, heterocyclosulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy-carbonyl (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, heteroaryl, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminosulfonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, cyano(C₁-C₆)alkyl, aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl and di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl; and values for the remainder of the variables are as defined for Formula I. Alternatively, Cy¹ is aryl, heteroaryl, monocyclic cycloalkyl or monocyclic heterocyclyl and is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkoxy, halogen, cyano and nitro; and values for the remainder of the variables in Formulas Ia-Id are as defined for Formula I.

For each of the embodiments described in the previous paragraph, each G^(I) is independently selected from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₂)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, fluorine, chlorine, cyano, amino, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)haloalkoxy, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, {(C₁-C₄)alkyl}{(C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl}aminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₄)alkylcarbonylamino and oxo; and each G² is independently selected from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₂)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, fluorine, chlorine, cyano, amino, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)haloalkoxy, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, {(C₁-C₄)alkyl}{(C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl}aminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₄)alkylcarbonylamino, oxo; hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, cyano(C₁-C₆)alkyl, aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl and di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl. Preferably, each G² is independently selected from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₂)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, fluorine, chlorine, cyano, amino, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)haloalkoxy, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, {(C₁-C₄)alkyl}{(C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl}aminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₄)alkylcarbonylamino and oxo.

For each of the embodiments described in the two previous paragraphs, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the two paragraphs immediately following Formulas Ia-Id, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; and R³ is MeSO₂NHCH₂CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the two paragraphs immediately following Formulas Ia-Id, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; and R³ is H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the two paragraphs immediately following Formulas Ia-Id, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; R² is phenyl optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl and SO₂Me; and R³ is MeSO₂NHCH₂CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the two paragraphs immediately following Formulas Ia-Id, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; R² is isopropyl, isobutyl, cyclopropyl or cyclopropylmethyl optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl and SO₂Me; and R³ is MeSO₂NHCH₂CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the two paragraphs immediately following Formulas Ia-Id, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; R² is phenyl optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl and SO₂Me; and R³ is H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the two paragraphs immediately following Formulas Ia-Id, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; R² is isopropyl, isobutyl, cyclopropyl or cyclopropylmethyl optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl and SO₂Me; and R³ is H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the two paragraphs immediately following Formulas Ia-Id, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; and R³ is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the two paragraphs immediately following Formulas Ia-Id, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; R² is phenyl or fluorophenyl; and R³ is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the two paragraphs immediately following Formulas Ia-Id, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; R² is isopropyl, isobutyl, cyclopropyl or cyclopropylmethyl; and R³ is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

Another embodiment of the invention is a compound of Formula Ie or If, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein x is 0, 1, 2 or 3 and the remainder of the variables in Formula Ie and If are as defined for Formula I. Alternatively, suitable values for each G¹ is independently (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₂)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl; fluorine, chlorine, cyano, amino, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)halo alkoxy, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkylamino carbonyl, di(C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkylamino carbonyl, {(C₁-C₄)alkyl}{(C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl}aminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₄)alkylcarbonylamino or oxo; suitable values for each G² is independently (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₂)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl; fluorine, chlorine, cyano, amino, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)haloalkoxy, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, {(C₁-C₄)alkyl}{(C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl}aminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₄)alkylcarbonylamino, oxo, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkyl sulfonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, cyano(C₁-C₆)alkyl, aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl and di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl; and values for the remainder of the variables in Formulas Ie-If are as defined for Formula I. Alternatively, each G¹ and G² is independently selected from fluoro, chloro, cyano, CONH₂, CONHMe, CONMe₂, CONHc-Pr, methoxy, ethoxy, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₂)alkyl, (C₁-C₂)haloalkyl or oxo; and values for the remainder of the variables in Formulas Ie-If are as defined for Formula I.

For each of the embodiments described in the previous paragraph R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ie-If, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; and R³ is MeSO₂NHCH₂CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ie-If, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; and R³ is H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ie-If, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; R² is phenyl optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl and SO₂Me; and R³ is MeSO₂NHCH₂CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ie-If, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; R² is isopropyl, isobutyl, cyclopropyl or cyclopropylmethyl optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl and SO₂Me; and R³ is MeSO₂NHCH₂CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ie-If, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; R² is phenyl optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl and SO₂Me; and R³ is H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ie-If, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; R² is isopropyl, isobutyl, cyclopropyl or cyclopropylmethyl optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl and SO₂Me; and R³ is H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ie-If, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; and R³ is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ie-If, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; R² is phenyl or fluorophenyl; and R³ is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

For each of the embodiments described in the paragraph immediately following Formulas Ie-If, R¹ is preferably methyl or ethyl; R² is isopropyl, isobutyl, cyclopropyl or cyclopropylmethyl; and R³ is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.

Specific Examples of compounds of the invention are represented by Formulas Ig, Ih, Ii, Ij or Ik:

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of these compounds are also included in the invention.

The present invention further provides methods of inhibiting 11β-HSD1 by contacting 11β-HSD1 with an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor disclosed herein.

The present invention further provides methods of inhibiting or reducing the conversion of cortisone to cortisol in a cell using an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor disclosed herein.

The present invention further provides methods of inhibiting or reducing production of cortisol in a cell using an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor disclosed herein.

The present invention further provides methods of increasing insulin sensitivity in a subject in need thereof using an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor disclosed herein.

The present invention further provides methods of treating a subject with a disease associated with activity of expression of 11β-HSD1 using an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor disclosed herein.

Another embodiment of the present invention is an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer of diastereomer thereof.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent; and ii) an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer of diastereomer thereof.

DEFINITIONS

The term “alkyl” means a straight or branched hydrocarbon radical having 1-10 carbon atoms and includes, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl and the like.

The term “cycloalkyl” means a monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic, saturated hydrocarbon ring having 3-10 carbon atoms and includes, for example, cyclopropyl (c-Pr), cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, spiro[4.4]nonane, adamantyl and the like.

The term “aryl” means an aromatic radical which is a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an indanyl group or a tetrahydronaphthalene group. An aryl group is optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents. Exemplary substituents include alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, halogen, trifluoromethyl, dialkylamino, nitro, cyano, CO₂H, CONH₂, N-monoalkyl-substituted amido and N,N-dialkyl-substituted amido.

The term “heteroaryl” means a 5- and 6-membered heteroaromatic radical which may optionally be fused to a saturated or unsaturated ring containing 0-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S and includes, for example, a heteroaromatic radical which is 2- or 3-thienyl, 2- or 3-furanyl, 2- or 3-pyrrolyl, 2-, 3-, or 4-pyridyl, 2-pyrazinyl, 2-, 4-, or 5-pyrimidinyl, 3- or 4-pyridazinyl, 1H-indol-6-yl, 1H-indol-5-yl, 1H-benzimidazol-6-yl, 1H-benzimidazol-5-yl, 2-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-quinazolinyl, 2-, 3-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-quinoxalinyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-quinolinyl, 1-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-isoquinolinyl, 2-, 4-, or 5-thiazolyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, or 5-pyrazolyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, or 5-imidazolyl. A heteroaryl is optionally substituted. The term “optionally substituted heteroaryl” encompasses substitution at any ring carbon atom where substitution is possible, including those C atoms bonded to hydrogen (e.g., in Formula I, when Q₁ or Q₂ are CH, Q₁ and Q₂ could be substituted). Exemplary substituents include alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, halogen, trifluoromethyl, dialkylamino, nitro, cyano, CO₂H, CONH₂, N-monoalkyl-substituted amido and N,N-dialkyl-substituted amido, or by oxo to form an N-oxide.

The term “heterocyclyl” means a 4-, 5-, 6- and 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S. Exemplary heterocyclyls include pyrrolidine, pyrrolidin-2-one, 1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, piperidine, piperidin-2-one, dihydropyridine, tetrahydropyridine, piperazine, 1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperazine, 1,2-dihydro-2-oxopyridine, 1,4-dihydro-4-oxopyridine, piperazin-2-one, 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-4-oxopyrimidine, 3,4-dihydro-4-oxopyrimidine, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, tetrahydrothiophene, tetrahydrothiopyran, isoxazolidine, 1,3-dioxolane, 1,3-dithiolane, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dithiane, 1,4-dithiane, oxazolidin-2-one, imidazolidin-2-one, imidazolidine-2,4-dione, tetrahydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one, morpholine, N-methylmorpholine, morpholin-3-one, 1,3-oxazinan-2-one, thiomorpholine, thiomorpholine 1,1-dioxide, tetrahydro-1,2,5-thiaoxazole 1,1-dioxide, tetrahydro-2H-1,2-thiazine 1,1-dioxide, hexahydro-1,2,6-thiadiazine 1,1-dioxide, tetrahydro-1,2,5-thiadiazole 1,1-dioxide isothiazolidine 1,1-dioxide, 6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridazin-3-yl, 6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridazin-4-yl, 5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl and 5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl. A heterocyclyl can be optionally substituted with 1-4 substituents. Exemplary substituents include alkyl, haloalkyl, halogen and oxo.

The term “spirocycloalkyl” means a cycloalkyl group which shares one ring carbon with another alkyl or cycloalkyl group.

As used herein the terms “subject” and “patient” may be used interchangeably, and means a mammal in need of treatment, e.g., companion animals (e.g., dogs, cats, and the like), farm animals (e.g., cows, pigs, horses, sheep, goats and the like) and laboratory animals (e.g., rats, mice, guinea pigs and the like). Typically, the subject is a human in need of treatment.

Certain of the disclosed compounds may exist in various stereoisomeric forms. Stereoisomers are compounds that differ only in their spatial arrangement. Enantiomers are pairs of stereoisomers whose mirror images are not superimposable, most commonly because they contain an asymmetrically substituted carbon atom that acts as a chiral center. “Enantiomer” means one of a pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other and are not superimposable. Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not related as mirror images, most commonly because they contain two or more asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms. The symbol “*” in a structural formula represents the presence of a chiral carbon center. “R” and “S” represent the configuration of substituents around one or more chiral carbon atoms. Thus, “R*” and “S*” denote the relative configurations of substituents around one or more chiral carbon atoms.

“Racemate” or “racemic mixture” means a compound of equimolar quantities of two enantiomers, wherein such mixtures exhibit no optical activity; i.e., they do not rotate the plane of polarized light.

“Geometric isomer” means isomers that differ in the orientation of substituent atoms in relationship to a carbon-carbon double bond, to a cycloalkyl ring, or to a bridged bicyclic system. Atoms (other than H) on each side of a carbon-carbon double bond may be in an E (substituents are on opposite sides of the carbon-carbon double bond) or Z (substituents are oriented on the same side) configuration.

“R,” “S,” “S*,” “R*,” “E,” “Z,” “cis,” and “trans,” indicate configurations relative to the core molecule.

The compounds of the invention may be prepared as individual isomers by either isomer-specific synthesis or resolved from an isomeric mixture. Conventional resolution techniques include forming the salt of a free base of each isomer of an isomeric pair using an optically active acid (followed by fractional crystallization and regeneration of the free base), forming the salt of the acid form of each isomer of an isomeric pair using an optically active amine(followed by fractional crystallization and regeneration of the free acid), forming an ester or amide of each of the isomers of an isomeric pair using an optically pure acid, amine or alcohol (followed by chromatographic separation and removal of the chiral auxiliary), or resolving an isomeric mixture of either a starting material or a final product using various well known chromatographic methods.

When the stereochemistry of a disclosed compound is named or depicted by structure, the named or depicted stereoisomer is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 99% or 99.9% by weight pure relative to the other stereoisomers. When a single enantiomer is named or depicted by structure, the depicted or named enantiomer is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 99% or 99.9% by weight optically pure. Percent optical purity by weight is the ratio of the weight of the enantiomer over the weight of the enantiomer plus the weight of its optical isomer.

When a disclosed compound is named or depicted by structure without indicating the stereochemistry, and the compound has at least one chiral center, it is to be understood that the name or structure encompasses one enantiomer of compound free from the corresponding optical isomer, a racemic mixture of the compound and mixtures enriched in one enantiomer relative to its corresponding optical isomer.

When a disclosed compound is named or depicted by structure without indicating the stereochemistry and has at least two chiral centers, it is to be understood that the name or structure encompasses a diastereomer free of other diastereomers, a pair of diastereomers free from other diastereomeric pairs, mixtures of diastereomers, mixtures of diastereomeric pairs, mixtures of diastereomers in which one diastereomer is enriched relative to the other diastereomer(s) and mixtures of diastereomeric pairs in which one diastereomeric pair is enriched relative to the other diastereomeric pair(s).

The compounds of the invention may be present in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts. For use in medicines, the salts of the compounds of the invention refer to non-toxic “pharmaceutically acceptable salts.” Pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms include pharmaceutically acceptable acidic/anionic or basic/cationic salts.

Pharmaceutically acceptable basic/cationic salts include, the sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, diethanolamine, n-methyl-D-glucamine, L-lysine, L-arginine, ammonium, ethanolamine, piperazine and triethanolamine salts.

Pharmaceutically acceptable acidic/anionic salts include, the acetate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bicarbonate, bitartrate, bromide, calcium edetate, camsylate, carbonate, chloride, citrate, dihydrochloride, edetate, edisylate, estolate, esylate, fumarate, glyceptate, gluconate, glutamate, glycollylarsanilate, hexylresorcinate, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, hydroxynaphthoate, iodide, isethionate, lactate, lactobionate, malate, maleate, malonate, mandelate, mesylate, methylsulfate, mucate, napsylate, nitrate, pamoate, pantothenate, phosphate/diphospate, polygalacturonate, salicylate, stearate, subacetate, succinate, sulfate, hydrogensulfate, tannate, tartrate, teoclate, tosylate, and triethiodide salts.

The compounds of the invention are useful for ameliorating or treating disorders or diseases in which decreasing the level of cortisol is effective in treating a disease state. Thus, the compounds of the invention can be used in the treatment or prevention of diabetes mellitus (e.g., type II diabetes), obesity, symptoms of metabolic syndrome, glucose intolerance, hyperglycemica, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, lipodystrophy, osteoporosis, glaucoma, Cushing's syndrome, Addison's Disease, visceral fat obesity associated with glucocorticoid therapy, depression, anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, cognitive decline (including age-related cognitive decline), polycystic ovarian syndrome, infertility and hypergonadism. The compounds of the invention can be used as therapeutic agents for pseudo Cushing's Syndrome associated with alcoholic liver disease. In addition, the compounds modulate the function of B and T cells of the immune system and can therefore be used to treat diseases such as tuberculosis, leprosy and psoriasis. They can also be used to promote wound healing, particularly in diabetic patients.

Additional diseases or disorders that are related to 11β-HSD1 activity include those selected from the group consisting of lipid disorders, hypretriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL levels, high LDL levels, vascular restenosis, pancreatitis, abdominal obesity, neurodegenerative disease, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, Cushing's syndrome, hyperinsulinemia, viral diseases, and Syndrome X. A further disease related to 11β-HSD1 activity is pseudo Cushing's Syndrome associated with alcoholic liver disease.

A pharmaceutical composition of the invention may, alternatively or in addition to an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor disclosed herein, comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of Formula I or a prodrug or pharmaceutically active metabolite of such a compound or salt and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers therefore. Alternatively, a pharmaceutical composition of the invention may comprise an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutical salt thereof as the only pharmaceutically active agent in the pharmaceutical composition. The disclosed 11β-HSD1 inhibitors can be used alone or in a combination therapy with one or more additional agents for the treatment of diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, obesity, cancer or glaucoma.

The invention includes a therapeutic method for treating or ameliorating an 11β-HSD1 mediated disorder in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor disclosed herein, or an enantiomer, diastereomer, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of composition thereof. As used herein, “treating” or “treatment” includes both therapeutic and prophylactic treatment. Therapeutic treatment includes reducing the symptoms associated with a disease or condition and/or increasing the longevity of a subject with the disease or condition. Prophylactic treatment includes delaying the onset of a disease or condition in a subject at risk of developing the disease or condition or reducing the likelihood that a subject will then develop the disease or condition in a subject that is at risk for developing the disease or condition.

An embodiment of the invention includes administering an 11β-HSD1 inhibiting compound of an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor disclosed herein, or composition thereof in a combination therapy with one or more additional agents for the treatment of diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, obesity, cancer or glaucoma. Agents for the treatment of diabetes include insulins, such as Humulin® (Eli Lilly), Lantus® (Sanofi Aventis), Novolin (Novo Nordisk), and Exubera® (Pfizer); PPAR gamma agonists, such as Avandia® (rosiglitizone maleate, GSK) and Actos®(pioglitazone hydrochloride, Takeda/Eli Lilly); sulfonylureas, such as Amaryl® (glimepiride, Sanofi Aventis), Diabeta® (glyburide, Sanofi Aventis), Micronase®/Glynase® (glyburide, Pfizer), and Glucotrol®/Glucotrol XL® and (glipizide, Pfizer); meglitinides, such as Prandin®/NovoNorm® (repaglinide, Novo Nordisk), Starlix® (nateglinide, Novartis), and Glufast® (mitiglinide, Takeda); biguanides, such as Glucophase®/Glucophase XR® (metformin HCl, Bristol Myers Squibb) and Glumetza (metformin HCl, Depomed); thiazolidinediones; amylin analogs, GLP-1 analogs; DPP-IV inhibitors; PTB-1B inhibitors; protein kinase inhibitors (including AMP-activated protein kinase inhibitors); glucagon antagonists, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta inhibitors; glucose-6-phoshatase inhibitors; glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors; sodium glucose co-transporter inhibitors, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, such as Precose®/Glucobay®/Prandase®/Glucor® (acarbose, Bayer) and Glyset® (miglitol, Pfizer). Agents for the treatment of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease include statins, fibrates, and ezetimbe. Agents for the treatment of hypertension include alpha-blockers, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, dual ACE and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs), aldosterone synthase inhibitors, aldosterone-receptor antagonists, or endothelin receptor antagonist. Agents for the treatment of obesity include orlistat, phentermine, sibutramine and rimonabant.

An embodiment of the invention includes administering an 11β-HSD1 inhibiting compound of an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor disclosed herein, or composition thereof in a combination therapy with one or more other 11β-HSD1 inhibitors (whether such inhibitors are also compounds of an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor disclosed herein, or are compounds of a different class/genus), or with combination products, such as Avandamet® (metformin HCl and rosiglitazone maleate, GSK); Avandaryl® (glimepiride and rosiglitazone maleate, GSK); Metaglip® (glipizide and metformin HCl, Bristol Myers Squibb); and Glucovance® (glyburide and metformin HCl, Bristol Myers Squibb).

The compounds of the present invention can be prepared and administered in a wide variety of oral and parenteral dosage forms. Thus, the compounds of the present invention can be administered by injection, that is, intravenously, intramuscularly, intracutaneously, subcutaneously, intraduodenally, or intraperitoneally. Additionally, the compounds of the present invention can be administered intranasally or transdermally. It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the following dosage forms may comprise as the active ingredient, either compounds or a corresponding pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of the present invention.

For preparing pharmaceutical compositions from the compounds of the present invention, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can either be solid or liquid. Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, pills, capsules, cachets, suppositories, and dispersible granules. A solid carrier can be one or more substances which may also act as diluents, flavoring agents, solubilizers, lubricants, suspending agents, binders, preservatives, tablet disintegrating agents, or an encapsulating material. In powders, the carrier is a finely divided solid which is in a mixture with the finely divided active ingredient.

In tablets, the active ingredient is mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired.

The powders and tablets preferably contain from about one to about seventy percent of the active ingredient. Suitable carriers are magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar, lactose, pectin, dextrin, starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium caboxymethylcellulose, a low-melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like. Tablets, powders, cachets, lozenges, fast-melt strips, capsules and pills can be used as solid dosage forms containing the active ingredient suitable for oral administration.

For preparing suppositories, a low-melting wax, such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides or cocoa butter, is first-melted and the active ingredient is dispersed homogeneously therein, as by stirring. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds, allowed to cool, and thereby to solidify.

Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions, retention enemas, and emulsions, for example, water or water propylene glycol solutions. For parenteral injection, liquid preparations can be formulated in solution in aqueous polyethylene glycol solution.

Aqueous solutions suitable for oral administration can be prepared by dissolving the active ingredient in water and adding suitable colorants, flavors, stabilizing, and thickening agents as desired. Aqueous suspensions for oral administration can be prepared by dispersing the finely divided active ingredient in water with viscous material, such as natural or synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and other well-known suspending agents.

The pharmaceutical composition is preferably in unit dosage form. In such form, the composition is subdivided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active ingredient. The unit dosage form can be a packaged preparation, the package containing discrete quantities of, for example, tablets, powders, and capsules in vials or ampules. Also, the unit dosage form can be a tablet, cachet, capsule, or lozenge itself, or it can be the appropriate amount of any of these in packaged form.

The quantity of active ingredient in a unit dose preparation may be varied or adjusted from about 0.1 mg to about 1000.0 mg, preferably from about 0.1 mg to about 100 mg. The dosages, however, may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient, the severity of the condition being treated, and the compound being employed. Determination of the proper dosage for a particular situation is within the skill in the art. Also, the pharmaceutical composition may contain, if desired, other compatible therapeutic agents.

In therapeutic treatment or as a method-of-use as an inhibitor of 11β-HSD1 or an inhibitor in the production of cortisol in the cell, the active ingredient is preferably administered orally in a solid dosage form as disclosed above in an amount of about 0.1 mg to about 100 mg per daily dose where the dose is administered once or more than once daily.

All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application were specifically and individually designated as having been incorporated by reference. It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only, and it will be appreciated that the invention is susceptible to modification, variation and change without departing from the proper scope or fair meaning of the appended claims.

The following abbreviations have the indicated meanings:

Abbreviation Meaning A % Area percentage Boc tert-butoxy carbonyl or t-butoxy carbonyl (Boc)₂O di-tert-butyl dicarbonate Cbz Benzyloxycarbonyl CbzCl Benzyl chloroformate c-Pr cyclopropyl DAST diethylaminosulfur trifluoride DBU 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene DCC N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide DCU N,N′-dicyclohexylurea DIAD diisopropyl azodicarboxylate DIBAL-H diisobutylaluminum hydride DIEA N,N-diisopropylethylamine DMAP 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine DMF N,N-dimethylformamide DMPU 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone 2,4-DNP 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine DPTBS Diphenyl-t-butylsilyl dr diastereomer ratio EDC•HCl, 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide EDCI hydrochloride Equiv equivalents EtOAc Ethyl acetate Fmoc 1-[[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]oxy]- Fmoc-OSu 1-[[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]oxy]-2,5- pyrrolidinedione h, hr hour(s) HOBt 1-hydroxybenzotriazole HATU 2-(7-Aza-1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3- tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate HBTU 2-(1H-Benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate KHMDS potassium hexamethyldisilazane LAH or LiAlH₄ lithium aluminum hydride LC-MS liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy LHMDS lithium hexamethyldisilazane m-CPBA meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid Me methyl MsCl methanesulfonyl chloride Min minute MS mass spectrum NaH sodium hydride NaHCO₃ sodium bicarbonate NaN₃ sodium azide NaOH sodium hydroxide Na₂SO₄ sodium sulfate NMM N-methylmorpholine NMP N-methylpyrrolidinone Pd₂(dba)₃ tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) PE petroleum ether Quant quantitative yield rt room temperature Satd saturated SOCl₂ thionyl chloride SFC supercritical fluid chromatography SPA scintillation proximity assay SPE solid phase extraction TBAF tetrabutylammonium fluoride TBS t-butyldimethylsilyl TBDPS t-butyldiphenylsilyl TBSCl t-butyldimethylsilyl chloride TBDPSCl t-butyldiphenylsilyl chloride TEA triethylamine or Et₃N TEMPO 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy free radical Teoc 1-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxycarbonyloxy]- Teoc-OSu 1-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxycarbonyloxy]pyrrolidin- 2,5-dione T_(ext) External temperature T_(int) Internal temperature TFA trifluoroacetic acid Tlc, TLC thin layer chromatography TMS trimethylsilyl TMSCl chlorotrimethylsilane or trimethylsilyl chloride t_(R) retention time TsOH p-toluenesulfonic acid

General Description of Synthetic Methods

Compounds of Formula I can be prepared by several processes. In the discussion below, A¹, Cy¹, E, G¹, G², Q₁, Q₂, R¹, R², R³, Y, n, r and s have the meanings indicated above unless otherwise noted. In cases where the synthetic intermediates and final products of Formulas I described below contain potentially reactive functional groups, for example amino, hydroxyl, thiol and carboxylic acid groups, that may interfere with the desired reaction, it may be advantageous to employ protected forms of the intermediate. Methods for the selection, introduction and subsequent removal of protecting groups are well known to those skilled in the art. (T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1999). Such protecting group manipulations are assumed in the discussion below and not described explicitly. Generally, reagents in the reaction schemes are used in equimolar amounts; however, in certain cases it may be desirable to use an excess of one reagent to drive a reaction to completion. This is especially the case when the excess reagent can be readily removed by evaporation or extraction. Bases employed to neutralize HCl in reaction mixtures are generally used in slight to substantial excess (1.05-5 equivalents).

In a first process a compound of Formula I, wherein can be prepared by reaction of an aminoalcohol intermediate of Formula II with a reagent of Formula III, wherein Z¹ and Z² are leaving groups such as chloride, 1-imidazolyl or aryloxide in an inert solvent such as THF, CH₂Cl₂, toluene or MeCN, usually in the presence of an organic or inorganic base such as triethylamine or NaHCO₃ respectively, at −10° C. to 120° C.:

Certain instances of reagent III are especially convenient because they are commercially available. For example when Z¹ and Z² are both chloride, III is phosgene. When Z¹ and Z² are both 1-imidazolyl, III is carbonyl diimidazole. When Z¹ is chloride and Z² is p-nitrophenoxide, III is p-nitrophenyl chloroformate. When Z¹ and Z² are both OCCl₃, III is triphosgene and as little as one third of molar equivalent can be used.

Aminoalcohol intermediates of Formula II can be prepared by reduction of amides of Formula IV using a hydride reagent such as BH₃.THF solution, BH₃.Me₂S or LiAlH₄ in an inert solvent ethereal such as THF or DME at 20° C. to 100° C. for between 1 h and 48 h:

Intermediates of Formula IV can be prepared by coupling of a β-hydroxyacid of Formula V with an amine of Formula VI using standard peptide coupling reagents such as EDC in the presence of HOBt and N,N-diisopropylethylamine in an inert solvent such as CH₂Cl₂ at 0-30° C. for between 1 h and 24 h:

Amine intermediates of Formula VI, wherein A¹=CH₂ and R¹ is absent, can be prepared by reduction of amides of Formula VII using a hydride reagent such as BH₃.THF solution, BH₃.Me₂S or LiAlH₄ in an inert solvent ethereal such as THF or DME at 20° C. to 100° C. for between 1 h and 48 h:

Amine intermediates of Formula VI, wherein A¹ is a bond, R¹ is absent and Cy¹ is not an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring, can be prepared from ketones of formula VIII via oximes of Formula IX or by reductive amination of a ketone of Formula VIII with ammonia:

Methods for the conversion of ketones to oximes are described in Smith, M. B. and March, J. “March's Advanced Organic Chemistry” pp 1194-1195, 5^(th) Edition, Wiley, New York, N.Y., 2001. Methods for the reduction of oximes to primary amines are described in Smith. M. B. and March. J. “March's Advanced Organic Chemistry” p 1555, 5^(th) Edition, Wiley, New York, N.Y., 2001. Methods for the reductive amination of ketones are described in Baxter, E. W. and Reitz, A. B. “Organic Reactions” Volume 59, Ed. Overman, L. E., Wiley Interscience, 2002.

Intermediates of Formula II, wherein n=0, can be prepared by reaction of oxetanes of Formula X with amines of Formula VI as described in Smith, M. B. and March, J. “March's Advanced Organic Chemistry” p 505, 5^(th) Edition, Wiley, New York, N.Y., 2001:

Intermediates of Formula II can also be prepared by reductive amination of β-hydroxyaldehydesof Formula Xa with amines of Formula VI. Methods for the reductive amination of aldehydes are described in Baxter, E. W. and Reitz, A. B. “Organic Reactions” Volume 59, Ed. Overman, L. E., Wiley Interscience, 2002.

Aldehydes of Formula Xa can be prepared from homoallylic alcohols of Formula XXI by treatment with OsO₄ and NaIO₄.

Intermediates of Formula II, wherein A¹=CH₂ and R¹ is absent, can be prepared by reduction of amide intermediates of formula XI using a hydride reagent such as BH₃.THF solution, BH₃.Me₂S or LiAlH₄ in an inert solvent ethereal such as THF or DME at 20° C. to 100° C. for between 1 h and 48 h:

Amide intermediates of Formula XI can be prepared by reaction of an amino-alcohol intermediate of Formula XII with activated carboxylic acid of Formula XIII wherein Z³=chloride or an activated ester, such as an N-hydroxysuccinimide ester:

Amino-alcohol intermediates of Formula XII, wherein n=0, can be prepared by reaction of an epoxide of Formula XIV with cyanide ion followed by reduction of the resulting hydroxynitrile of Formula XV with hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst or with a hydride source such as LiAlH₄:

Epoxide compounds of formula XIV can, in turn, be prepared in a number of ways including, as described in Aube, J. “Epoxidation and Related Processes” Chapter 3.2 in Volume 1 of “Comprehensive Organic Synthesis” Edited by B. M. Trost, I. Fleming and Stuart L. Schreiber, Pergamon Press, New York, 1992.

Hydroxynitrile intermediates of Formula XV can be prepared by treatment of ketones of Formula XVI with acetonitrile anion, formed by treatment of acetonitrile with n-BuLi or LDA, in an inert, anhydrous solvent such as THF at low temperature:

Amino-alcohol intermediates of Formula XII, wherein n is 0, can be prepared by treatment of sulfonate intermediates of Formula XVII, wherein R^(A) is for example methyl, trifluoromethyl or p-methylphenyl, with ammonia:

Amino-alcohol intermediates of Formula XII can be prepared by treatment of sulfonate intermediates of Formula XVII with sodium azide to give an azide intermediate of Formula XVIII, followed by catalytic hydrogenation or by Staudinger reduction with PPh₃ in wet THF:

Sulfonate intermediates of Formula XVII can be prepared from diol intermediates of Formula XIX with a sulfonyl chloride R^(A)SO₂Cl:

Diol intermediates of Formula XIX can be prepared by hydroboration of allyl alcohols of Formula XX:

Diol intermediates of Formula XIX can be prepared by ozonolysis and reduction of homoallyl alcohols of Formula XXI:

Aminoalcohol intermediates of Formula II, wherein A¹ is a bond, R¹ is absent, and Cy¹ is a heteroaryl group or an aryl group bearing at least one strongly electron withdrawing group such as CF₃, can be prepared by reaction of an aminoalcohol intermediate of Formula XII with a compound of Formula XXII, wherein Cy¹ is a heteroaryl group or an aryl group bearing at least one strongly electron withdrawing group such as CF₃ and R^(B) is a leaving group such a fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo:

Aminoalcohol intermediates of Formula II, wherein A¹ is (C₁)alkylene can be prepared by reaction of an aminoalcohol of Formula XII with an aldehyde or methyl ketone of Formula XII in the presence of a reducing agent such as NaCNBH₃ or Na(OAc)₃BH:

Methods for the reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones are described in Baxter, E. W. and Reitz, A. B. “Organic Reactions” Volume 59, Ed. Overman, L. E., Wiley Interscience, 2002.

In a second process a compound of Formula I can be prepared by reaction of a ketocarbamate of Formula XXIV, wherein R^(D) is alkyl or arylalkyl group such as methyl, t-butyl or benzyl, with an organometallic reagent of Formula XXV wherein M includes, but is not limited to, MgCl, MgBr, MgI or Li:

In specific examples, organometallic reagent XXV is allylmagnesium bromide, allylzinc(II) bromide, (2-methylallyl)magnesium chloride or (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)zinc(II) bromide. In certain cases when M is MgCl, MgBr or MgI, it is advantageous to add CeCl₃ to the reaction mixture.

Ketocarbamates of Formula XXIV can be prepared by reaction of aminoketones of Formula XXVI with intermediates of Formula XXVII wherein R^(E) is a leaving group such as chloride, succinyloxy, imidazolyl or t-butoxycarboxycarbonyl:

Aminoketones of Formula XXVI, wherein n=0, can be prepared by reaction of α,β-unsaturated ketones of Formula XXVIII with amines of Formula VI:

Aminoketones of Formula XXVI, wherein n=0, can be prepared by reaction of β-dialkylaminoketones of Formula XXVIII, wherein R^(F) is lower alkyl especially methyl, with amines of Formula VI:

β-Dialkylaminoketones of Formula XXVIII are in turn derived from α,β-unsaturated ketones of Formula XXVII with dialkylamines of Formula R^(F)NHR^(F).

In a third process a compound of Formula I, can be prepared by reaction of a compound of Formula XVII with an isocyanate of Formula XXIX in the presence of a base:

Isocyanates of Formula XXIX can be prepared from amines of Formula VI by treatment with phosgene, diphosgene or triphosgene. This third process is described in greater detail in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/137,013, filed Jul. 25, 2008 entitled SYNTHESIS OF INHIBITORS OF 11β-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE TYPE 1 (Attorney Docket No. 4370.1001-000), the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.

In a fourth process a compound of Formula I can be prepared by reaction of a halo compound of Formula, wherein Hal is chlorine or bromine, with an isocyanate of Formula XXIX in the presence of a base:

Halo compounds of Formula XXX can be prepared by reaction of β-haloketones of Formula XXXI with organometallic reagents of Formula XXV wherein M is a metal containing radical including MgCl, MgBr, MgI or Li. The reaction is optionally carried out in the presence of anhydrous cerium trichloride:

In a fifth process a compound of Formula I, wherein A¹ is CH₂ or CH₂CH₂ and R¹ is absent, can be prepared by reaction of a compound of Formula XXXII, with a compound of Formula XXXIII, wherein A¹ is CH₂ or CH₂CH₂ and R^(G) is a leaving group such as Br, I, OSO₂Me, OSO₂CF₃ or OSO₂Ph, in the presence of a base such as NaH or K₂CO₃:

Compounds of Formula XXXII can be prepared by treatment of compounds of Formula XII with various reagents of Formula III, wherein Z¹ and Z² are leaving groups such as chloride, 1-imidazolyl or aryloxide in an inert solvent such as THF, CH₂Cl₂, toluene or MeCN, usually in the presence of an organic or inorganic base such as triethylamine or NaHCO₃ respectively, at −10° C. to 120° C.:

In a sixth process a compound of Formula I, wherein A¹ is a bond can be prepared by reaction of a compound of Formula XXXII, with a compound of Formula XXII, wherein R^(B) is a leaving group such as chloro, bromo, iodo or OSO₂CF₃, in the presence of a base such as K₂CO₃ and a copper or palladium catalyst in an inert solvent such as dioxane, DMF or NMP at elevated temperature:

In a seventh process a compound of Formula I can be prepared by Suzuki coupling of a compound of Formula XXXIV, wherein Cy¹ is aryl or heteroaryl and Rx is bromo, iodo, or trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy, with a boronic acid (R^(Y) is hydrogen) or a boronate ester of Formula XXXV (R^(Y) is (C₁-C₆)alkyl and the two groups R^(Y) taken together form a (C₁-C₁₂)alkylene group).

In an eighth process a compound of Formula XXXIV, wherein Cy¹ is aryl or heteroaryl and Rx is bromo, iodo, or trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy, can be reacted with bis(pinacolato)diboron in the presence of a palladium catalyst to give a boronate ester of Formula XXXVI which can be further reacted with a heterocyclic compound of Formula XXXVII, wherein R^(X) is bromo, iodo, or trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy, again in the presence of a palladium catalyst, to give a compound of Formula I.

In a ninth process a compound of Formula I can be prepared from another compound of Formula I. For example:

(1) a compound of Formula I wherein R¹ or R³ is ω-hydroxy(C₂-C₆)alkyl can be oxidized to a compound of Formula I wherein R¹ or R³ is ω-carboxy(C₁-C₅)alkyl using Jones reagent.

(2) a compound of Formula I wherein R¹ or R³ is ω-carboxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl can be coupled with ammonia or a (C₁-C₆)alkylamine using a standard peptide coupling reagent such as EDC to afford a compound of Formula I wherein R¹ or R³ is ω-H₂NC(═O)(C₁-C₆)alkyl or ω-{(C₁-C₆)alkylNHC(═O)}(C₁-C₆)alkyl.

(3) a compound of Formula I wherein R¹ or R³ is ω-hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl can be converted to its methanesulfonate or trifluoromethanesulfonate, treated with sodium azide and reduced to give a compound of Formula I, wherein R¹ or R³ is ω-amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl.

(4) a compound of Formula I wherein R¹ or R³ is amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl can be reacted with acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride to give a compound of Formula I wherein R¹ or R³ is {acetylamino}(C₁-C₆)alkyl.

(5) a compound of Formula I wherein R¹ or R³ is amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl can be reacted with methanesulfonyl chloride to give a compound of Formula I wherein R¹ or R³ is {methanesulfonylamino}(C₁-C₆)alkyl.

(6) a compound of Formula I, wherein R¹ is (C₂-C₆)alkenyl is hydroborated to afford a compound of Formula I wherein R¹ is hydroxy(C₂-C₆)alkyl.

(7) a compound of Formula I, wherein R³ is (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, is hydroborated to afford a compound of Formula I wherein R³ is hydroxy(C₂-C₆)alkyl.

(8) a compound of Formula I, wherein R¹ is (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, can be reacted with osmium tetroxide and N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide to afford a compound of Formula I wherein R¹ is vicinal dihydroxy(C₂-C₆)alkyl,

(9) a compound of Formula I, wherein R³ is (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, can be reacted with osmium tetroxide and N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide to afford a vicinal diol compound of Formula I wherein R³ is vicinal dihydroxy(C₂-C₆)alkyl,

(10) a compound of Formula I, wherein R¹ is (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, can be reacted with ozone followed by NaBH₄ to give a compound of Formula I wherein R¹ is co-hydroxy(C₁-C₅)alkyl.

(11) a compound of Formula I, wherein R³ is (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, can be reacted with ozone followed by NaBH₄ to give a compound of Formula I wherein R³ is ω-hydroxy(C₁-C₅)alkyl.

(12) a compound of Formula I wherein R¹ or R³ is amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl can be reacted with an (C₁-C₆)alkyl isocyanate to give a compound of Formula I wherein R¹ or R³ is (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl.

(13) a compound of Formula I wherein R¹ or R³ is amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl can be reacted with an (C₁-C₆)alkyl chloroformate to give a compound of Formula I wherein R¹ or R³ is (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl.

(14) a compound of Formula I wherein R¹ or R³ is amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl can be reacted with chlorosulfonyl isocyanate or sulfamide to give a compound of Formula I wherein R¹ or R³ is aminosulfonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl.

(15) a compound of Formula I wherein R¹ or R³ is amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl can be reacted with a (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfamoyl chloride to give a compound of Formula I wherein R¹ or R³ is (C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl.

(16) a compound of Formula I wherein R¹ or R³ is hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl can be reacted with chlorosulfonyl isocyanate to give a compound of Formula I wherein R¹ or R³ is aminosulfonyloxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl.

(17) a compound of Formula I wherein R¹ or R³ is hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl can be reacted with p-nitrophenyl chloroformate, pentafluorophenyl chloroformate or carbonyl diimidazole, followed by ammonia, a (C₁-C₆)alkylamine or a di(C₁-C₆)alkylamine to give a compound of Formula I wherein R¹ or R³ is aminocarboxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarboxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl or di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarboxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl.

(18) a compound of Formula I wherein R¹ or R³ is hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl can be reacted with POCl₃ to give a compound of Formula I wherein R¹ or R³ is (HO)₂P(═O)O(C₁-C₆)alkyl.

(19) a compound of Formula I, wherein R³ is allyl or homoallyl can be reacted with oxygen in the presence of PdCl₂ and CuCl to afford a compound of Formula I, wherein R³ is 2-oxopropyl or 3-oxobutyl respectively.

(20) a compound of Formula I, wherein R³ is 2-oxopropyl or 3-oxobutyl can be reacted with MeMgX, wherein X is Cl, Br or I, to give a compound of Formula I, wherein R³ is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 3-hydroxy-3-methylpropyl respectively.

(21) a compound of Formula I, wherein R³ is —CH₂CO₂Me can be treated with MeMgX, wherein X is Cl, Br or I, to give a compound of Formula I, wherein R³ is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl.

(22) a compound of Formula I, wherein R³ is allyl or —CH₂C(Me)=CH₂ can be hydrocyanated with TsCN in the presence of triphenylsilane and various cobalt catalysts to afford compounds of Formula I, wherein R³ is —CH₂CH(CN)Me or —CH₂CMe₂CN respectively.

(23) a compound of Formula I, wherein R³ is CH₂C(Me)₂CN, can be treated with acetamide in the presence of PdCl₂ to give a compound of Formula I, wherein R³ is CH₂CMe₂CONH₂.

(24) a compound of Formula I, wherein R³ is —CH₂C(Me)=CH₂ can be treated with m-CPBA followed by lithium triethylborohydride to afford a compound of Formula I, wherein R³ is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl.

In an tenth process, certain compounds of the invention of Formula I* are prepared as follows:

Halo compounds of Formula LIII can be fowled by the treatment of O-haloketones of Formula XXXI with organometallic reagents of Formula LII, wherein M denotes MgCl, MgBr, MgI, ZnBr or ZnI and the reaction is optionally performed in the presence of anhydrous cerium trichloride in an inert anhydrous solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, at about −25 to 0° C. for about 0.5 h.

Cyclic carbamates of Formula LIV can be prepared from the reaction between β-haloalcohols of Formula LIII where Hal is a chloride and isocyanates of Formula XXXIX in the presence of a base, such as but not limited to DBU (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene), in a refluxing inert solvent, such as but not limited to tetrahydrofuran.

Tertiary alcohols of Formula LVII can be derived from trisubstituted alkenes of Formula LIV by first epoxidizing the alkene with an epoxidation reagent, such as m-CPBA (3-chloroperbenzoic acid), in an inert solvent, such as dichloromethane to produce the corresponding epoxides of Formula LV. The resulting epoxide is then reductively ring opened to provide the corresponding tertiary alcohol I* via treatment with a strong hydride reagent, such as lithium triethylborohydride, in an anhydrous inert solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran.

In a variation of the tenth process, a compound of the invention of Formula I** is prepared by using a “Suzuki” coupling reaction of a boronate ester of Formula LIX with a haloheterocycle of Formula LX.

The boronate ester of Formula LIX is prepared by reaction of a bromide of Formula LVIII with bis(pinacolato)diboron. LVIII is prepared by epoxidation of alkene LVII, followed by reductive epoxide opening as described above, for 2-methyl-2-hydroxypropyl group is introduced via epoxidation and hydride ring opening as described above for conversion of LIV to I*.

This tenth process is described in greater detail in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/137,013, filed Jul. 25, 2008 entitled SYNTHESIS OF INHIBITORS OF 11β-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE TYPE 1 (Attorney Docket No. 4370.1001-000), the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.

LC-MS Methods Method 1 [LC-MS (3 Min)]

Column: Chromolith SpeedRod, RP-18e, 50×4.6 mm; Mobil phase: A: 0.01% TFA/water, B: 0.01% TFA/CH₃CN; Flow rate: 1 mL/min; Gradient:

Time (min) A % B % 0.0 90 10 2.0 10 90 2.4 10 90 2.5 90 10 3.0 90 10

Method 2 (10-80)

Column YMC-PACK ODS-AQ, 50 × 2.0 mm 5 μm Mobile A: water (4 L) + TFA (1.5 mL)) Phase B: acetonitrile (4 L) + TFA (0.75 mL)) TIME (min) A % B % 0 90 10 2.2 20 80 2.5 20 80 Flow Rate 1 mL/min Wavelength UV 220 nm Oven Temp 50° C. MS ESI ionization

Method 3 (30-90)

Column YMC-PACK ODS-AQ, 50 × 2.0 mm 5 μm Mobile A: water (4 L) + TFA (1.5 mL)) Phase B: acetonitrile (4 L) + TFA (0.75 mL)) TIME (min) A % B % 0 70 30 2.2 10 90 2.5 10 90 Flow Rate 1 mL/min Wavelength UV220 Oven Temp 50° C. MS ESI ionization

Preparation 1 (S)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one Method 1

Step 1: (S)-1-bromo-4-(1-isocyanatoethyl)benzene

To a solution of (S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethanamine (240 g, 1.2 mol) in methylene chloride (3 L) and satd aq NaHCO₃ (3 L) solution was added triphosgene (118 g, 0.396 mol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred for 15 min. The organic phase was separated, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to give 1-bromo-4-(1-isocyanato-ethyl)-benzene (170 g, 63%).

Step 2: 1-chloro-3-phenylhex-5-en-3-ol

To a solution of 3-chloro-1-phenylpropan-1-one (170 g, 1.01 mol) in anhydrous THF (1200 mL) was added allylmagnesium bromide (1.2 L, 1 mol/L) at −78° C. under nitrogen. The formed mixture was stirred for 30 min at −78° C. The reaction was quenched with aqueous NaHCO₃ solution. The organic phase was separated, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to give the crude product, which was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc=100:1) to afford 1-chloro-3-phenylhex-5-en-3-ol (180 g, 86%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 2.27 (m, 2H), 2.51 (m, 1H), 2.74 (m, 1H), 3.22 (m, 1H), 3.58 (m, 1H), 5.16 (m, 2H), 5.53 (m, 1H), 7.23 (m, 1H), 7.39 (m, 4H).

Step 3: (R)-6-allyl-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one

A mixture of 1-chloro-3-phenyl-hex-5-en-3-ol (105 g, 0.050 mmol), (S)-(−)-1-(-bromophenyl)ethyl isocyanate (170 g, 0.752 mol), and DBU (228 g, 1.5 mol) in THF (1700 mL) was heated to reflux overnight. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed with 1N aq HCl. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄. After the solvents were evaporated, the crude product was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc=20:1 to 5:1) to give (R)-6-allyl-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one (100 g, 34%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 1.39 (d, 3H), 2.14 (m, 1H), 2.24 (m, 2H), 2.48-2.61 (m, 3H), 2.82 (m, 2H), 5.01 (m, 2H), 5.52 (q, 1H), 5.73 (m, 1H), 6.62 (d, 2H), 7.12 (m, 2H), 7.28 (m, 2H).

Step 4: (S)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(2-oxopropyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one and 3-((R)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-2-oxo-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-6-yl)propanal

To a solution of (R)-6-allyl-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one (31 g, 78 mmol) and CuCl (19.3 g, 195 mmol) in dry DMF (150 mL) was added H₂O (50 mL) and PdCl₂ (4.10 g, 23 mmol) at rt. After addition, the mixture was stirred overnight under oxygen. After TLC showed the starting material had disappeared, the solid was filtered off. Water (200 mL) and EtOAc (200 mL) was added, the organic layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×40 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to give a residue which was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc=5:1 to 1:1) to give a mixture of (5)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(2-oxopropyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one and 3-((R)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-2-oxo-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-6-yl)propanal, (26 g, 81%).

Step 5: (S)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(2-oxopropyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one

To a mixture of (S)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(2-oxopropyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one and 3-((R)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-2-oxo-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-6-yl)propanal (20 g, 48.2 mmol) in t-BuOH (250 mL) and 2-methyl-2-butene (50 mL) was added a solution of NaClO₂ (19.3 g, 0.213 mol) and NaH₂PO₄ (28 g, 0.179 mol) in H₂O (300 mL) at 0° C. The formed mixture was stirred for 1 h at 0° C. The mixture was treated with water (100 mL) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to leave a residue, which was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc=5:1 to 2.5:1) to afford (S)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(2-oxopropyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one (10.0 g, 83%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 1.49 (d, 3H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 2.33 (m, 2H), 2.63 (m, 1H), 2.86-3.08 (m, 3H), 5.57 (q, 1H), 6.66 (d, 2H), 7.19 (m, 2H), 7.33 (m, 5H).

Step 6: (S)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one

To a solution of (S)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(2-oxopropyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one (20 g, 46.4 mmol) in anhydrous THF (200 mL) was added dropwise methylmagnesium bromide (31 mL, 144 mmol) at −78° C. under nitrogen. Then the mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with aq NaHCO₃ (50 mL) under ice water bath. The organic layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (150 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to give the crude product, which was purified column chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc=5:1 to 2:1) to afford (S)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one (13 g, 65%). After re-crystallization from EtOH, 4 g of the pure compound was obtained. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 1.06 (s, 3H), 1.12 (s, 3H), 1.44 (d, 3H), 2.14 (m, 3H), 2.21 (m, 1H), 2.33 (m, 1H), 2.76 (m, 1H), 5.54 (q, 1H), 6.74 (d, 2H), 7.16 (d, 2H), 7.28 (m, 5H).

Alternative Procedure for Method 1 Step 2

A solution of 3-chloro-1-phenylpropan-1-one (100 g, 0.595 mol) in THF (280 ml) was added dropwise to a well-stirred mixture of zinc powder (need not be activated) (40 g, 1.231 mol, satd aq NH₄Cl solution (1500 ml) and THF (400 ml). Allyl bromide (143 g, 1.19 mol) was dissolved in THF (200 ml) was slowly added to the reaction mixture. The reaction was mildly exothermic, and the mixture began to reflux spontaneously. After refluxing had ceased, the mixture was stirred for 1 h. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to give 1-chloro-3-phenylhex-5-en-3-ol (122 g, 97%). ¹H NMR: (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=2.24 (s, 1H), 2.34 (m, 2H), 2.53 (m, 1H), 2.75 (m, 1H), 3.20 (m, 1H), 3.58 (m, 1H), 5.18 (t, 1H), 5.51 (m, 1H), 7.26 (m, 1H), 7.26-7.39 (m, 3H).

Method 2

Step 1. 1-Chloro-5-methyl-3-phenyl-hex-5-en-3-ol

To a stirred suspension of magnesium turnings (46.7 g, 1.94 mol) in 1500 mL of THF (H₂O<100 ppm based on Karl Fischer titration) was charged 53.0 mL of 1 M DIBAL-H in hexane under nitrogen at rt. Then 3-chloro-2-methylprop-1-ene (160 g, 1.77 mol) was introduced while maintaining the internal temperature below 30° C. The resulting solution was agitated for 2 h at rt. The solution was titrated in the presence of 1.1′-bipyridine to indicate 0.8 M of the corresponding Grignard reagent. To a dry flask containing 307.0 g of anhydrous CeCl₃ (1.25 mol) at rt under nitrogen was added 1556.8 mL of the Grignard reagent (0.8 M, 1.25 mol). The resulting slurry was cooled to −10° C. and agitated for 0.5 h. To the slurry was added 200 g of 3-chloro-1-phenylpropan-1-one (1.19 mol) in 200 mL of THF while maintaining the internal temperature below 0° C. After the mixture was stirred for 0.5 h, 1200 mL of 1 M aq HCl was added to obtain a clear solution while maintaining the internal temperature below 30° C. After the phase cut, the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (500 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine and dried over sodium sulfate. Removal of the solvent under vacuum produced crude 1-chloro-5-methyl-3-phenyl-hex-5-en-3-ol, which was chased with THF to achieve H₂O<500 ppm based on Karl Fischer titration. The crude product (306 g, 83 wt %, 95% yield) was used directly in Step 3. ¹H-NMR spectroscopy (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.38-7.37 (d. J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.91 (s, 1H), 4.76 (s, 1H), 3.57 (ddd, J=5.6, 10.7, and 10.7, 1H), 3.13 (ddd, J=4.7, 10.7 and 10.7 Hz, 1H), 2.66 (d, J=13.3 Hz, 1H), 2.54 (d, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 2.53 (s, 1H), 2.36 (ddd, J=5.4, 10.6 and 13.9 Hz. 1H), 2.29 (ddd, J=5.6, 11.3 and 13.3 Hz, 1H), 1.29 (s, 3H). ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy (125 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 144.3, 141.4, 128.0, 126.6, 124.8, 116.1, 74.2, 51.2, 46.0, 39.9, 23.9.

Step 2. 1-Bromo-4-((S)-1-isocyanato-ethyl)-benzene

To a 10 L jacketed reactor was charged 241 g of sodium bicarbonate (2.87 mol, 2.30 equiv) and 5 L of deionized water. The resulting solution was agitated for 10-20 min, until the solids dissolved (homogeneous). To the clear solution was charged 250 g (1.25 mol, 1.00 equiv) of (S)-(+1-(4-bromophenyl)ethylamine as a solution in 1.00 L of dichloromethane. An additional 4 L of dichloromethane was charged to the reactor. The biphasic solution was agitated and cooled to T_(int)=2-3° C. Triphosgene (126 g, 424 mmol, 0.340 equiv) was charged to the reactor in approximately two equal portions ˜6 min apart. It should be noted that a slight exotherm was noted upon the addition of triphosgene. The resulting murky solution was agitated at T_(int)=2-5° C. for 30 min, at which point HPLC analysis indicates >99 A % conversion (220 nm). The dichloromethane layer was cut and dried with anhydrous sulfate. The resulting solution was passed through a celite plug and concentrated to ˜1.5 L which fine particles of a white solid developed. The solution was filtered and concentrated to a thick oil via reduced pressure to produce 239 g of 1-bromo-4-((S)-1-isocyanato-ethyl)-benzene (93.7 wt %, 79.4% yield). ¹H-NMR spectroscopy (400 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 7.53 (d, J=11.4 Hz, 2 H), 7.26 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 4.80 (q, J=6.7 Hz, 1H), 1.59 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H). The material was used in Step 3 without further purification.

Step 3. (R)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(2-methylallyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one

To a dried 10 L jacketed reactor under a nitrogen atmosphere was charged 1-chloro-5-methyl-3-phenyl-hex-5-en-3-ol (167 g, 81.7 wt %, 610 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1-bromo-4-((S)-1-isocyanato-ethyl)-benzene (219 g, 93.7 wt %, 911 mmol, 1.50 equiv), anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (3.00 L), and then 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU, 409 mL, 2.73 mol, 4.50 equiv). The resulting solution was agitated and refluxed (T_(int)=67-69° C., T_(ext)=75° C.) for 19 h, at which point HPLC analysis indicated ˜1A % (220 nm) of the 1-chloro-5-methyl-3-phenyl-hex-5-en-3-ol remained. The dark solution was cooled to T_(int)=20-25° C. Two liters of tetrahydrofuran were removed by distillation under reduced pressure. The remaining dark solution was diluted with 4.0 L of ethyl acetate and 1.0 L of hexanes. The resulting solution was washed with 4.0 L of a 1.0 M aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride (note: the wash is slightly exothermic). The aqueous solution was cut and the remaining organic solution was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and then concentrated to an oil via reduced pressure. The resulting material was subjected to flash silica chromatography (5-30% ethyl acetate/hexanes, 1.74 kg of silica) to produce 137.8 g of material (59 wt %, 3.1:1 diastereomeric ratio favoring the desired diastereomer (R)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(2-methylallyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one, 32.3% yield). The material was used in Step 4 without further purification.

Analytical data for (R)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(2-methylallyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one: ¹H-NMR spectroscopy (500 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 7.42-7.35 (m, 3H), 7.33-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.25-7.23 (m, 2H), 6.80-6.74 (m, 2), 5.55 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 5.37-5.36 (m, 1H), 4.89 (s, 1H), 4.69 (s, 1H), 2.96-2.93 (m, 1H), 2.61 (dd, J=13.8 and 26.4 Hz, 2H), 2.37-2.25 (m, 3H), 1.68 (s, 3H), 1.50 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H). ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy (125 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 152.5, 141.5, 140.1, 138.3, 130.6, 128.1, 128.0, 126.9, 124.4, 120.2, 115.3, 82.4, 52.1, 50.1, 35.6, 29.8, 23.4, 14.5.

Analytical data for (S)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(2-methylallyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one: ¹H-NMR spectroscopy (400 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 7.50-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.43-7.39 (m, 2H), 7.35-7.32 (m, 3H), 7.20-7.18 (m, 2H), 5.60 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.85 (s, 1H), 4.66 (s, 1H), 2.73-2.67 (m, 2H), 2.60 (dd, J=13.9 and 19.4 Hz, 2H), 2.28 (dt, J=3.3 and 13.7 Hz, 1H), 2.14-2.05 (m, 1H), 1.66 (s, 3H), 1.24 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy (100 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ (153.4, 142.5, 141.0, 140.1, 131.8, 129.3, 128.9, 127.8, 125.3, 121.5, 116.3, 83.9, 53.2, 51.0, 36.6, 31.3, 24.3, 15.4.

Step 4. (6S)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-((2-methyloxiran-2-yl)methyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one

To a 1.0 L 2-neck RBF was charged (R)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(2-methylallyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one (135.8 g, 59 wt %, 3.1:1 dr, 193 mmol, 1.00 equiv), dichloromethane (700 mL), and then 3-chloroperbenzoic acid (m-CPBA, 70%, 95.3 g, 386 mmol, 2.0 equiv). The resulting solution was agitated at rt (T_(1n)20-25° C.) for 1 h, which HPLC analysis indicates >99 A % (220 nm) conversion. The resulting solution was diluted with 700 mL of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and washed with 1×500 mL of 30 wt % solution of sodium thiosulfate and 1×500 mL of saturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate. The wash sequence was repeated until the peak on an HPLC trace of the organic solution that corresponds to a HPLC sample peak of m-CPBA is <2.5 A % (220 nm), which in this example the wash sequence was repeated 3 times. The resulting organic layer was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and then concentrated to an oil via reduced pressure. The resulting material was diluted with 200 mL of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran and then concentrated to a thick oil via reduced pressure to provide (6S)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-((2-methyloxiran-2-yl)methyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one which was used directly in Step 5.

Step 5. (S)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one

To a 2.0 L 3-neck oven-dried RBF was charged the crude (65)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-((2-methyloxiran-2-yl)methyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one and 750 mL of anhydrous THF. The resulting solution was agitated and cooled to T_(int)=2-3° C. To the agitated clear solution was charged 1.0 M lithium triethylborohydride in tetrahydrofuran (Super Hydride, 348 mL, 348 mmol, 1.8 equiv). The addition is exothermic and addition was controlled to maintain T_(int)=<8° C. The resulting solution was agitated at T_(int)=2-3° C. for 1.5 h and then allowed to warm to T_(int)=10-13° C. over a 2.5 h, which HPLC analysis indicates ˜94 A % (220 nm) conversion. To the agitated solution was charged a solution of hydrogen peroxide (95.7 mL of a 35 wt % aqueous solution diluted with 400 mL of water, 1.08 mol, 5.60 equiv). The addition is highly exothermic and addition was controlled to maintain T_(int)=<25° C. The resulting solution was diluted with 1.00 L of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and washed with 1.00 L of water followed by 500 mL of a ˜30 wt % solution of sodium thiosulfate. The organic solution was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and then concentrated via reduced pressure. The resulting material was subjected to flash silica chromatography (10-60% ethyl acetate, 600 g of silica) to produce 68 g of material consisting of both diastereomers (1.98:1 dr) and 41 g of the desired diastereomer, (>99:1 dr). The material consisting of the mixed fractions was recrystallized from 250 mL of isopropyl acetate (IPAC) and 200 mL of heptane (anti-solvent) to produce upon filtration 31.3 g of product (95.7 A % at 220 nm, 74:1 dr). The two samples were combined to produce 72.3 g of (S)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one (83.6% yield for the two step operation). ¹H-NMR spectroscopy (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.37-7.29 (m, 5H), 7.25-7.21 (m, 2H), 6.82-6.79 (m, 2H), 5.61 (q, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.83 (ddd, J=2.5, 5.4 and 11.6 Hz, 1H), 2.39 (ddd, J=5.7, 12.0 and 14.1 Hz, 1H), 2.27 (ddd, J=2.6, 4.8 and 14.0 Hz, 1H), 2.21-2.14 (m, 3H), 2.08 (s, 1H), 1.49 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.18 (s, 3H), 1.13 (s, 3H). ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 153.2, 142.6, 138.5, 131.6, 129.13, 129.10, 128.0, 125.3, 121.6, 84.2, 71.4, 54.1, 53.3, 36.4, 33.6, 32.1, 30.8, 15.6.

Preparation 2 (S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-6-phenyl-3-((5)-1-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborol-an-2-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-1,3-oxazinan-2-one

To a solution of (S)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one (6.6 g, 15.2 mmol) and 4,4,4′,4′,5,5,5′,5′-octamethyl-2,2′-bi(1,3,2-dioxaborolane) (6.1 g, 24.3 mmol) in dry DMSO (20 mL) was added KOAc (4.8 g, 48.6 mmol) and Pd(dppf)cl₂ (372 mg, 0.46 mmol). After addition, the mixture was allowed to warm to 100° C. for 20 h. After TLC showed the starting material had disappeared, the solid was filtered off. Water (60 mL) and EtOAc (20 mL) were added. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×15 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to give a residue, which was purified by column chromatography to give (S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-6-phenyl-3-((S)-1-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborol-an-2-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-1,3-oxazinan-2-one (4.4 g, 60%).

Preparation 3 3-((R)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-2-oxo-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-6-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropanenitrile

Preparation of Cobalt(II) Complex

A 50 mL flask was charged with N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,1,2,2-tetramethylethenediamine (0.4302 g, 0.78 mmol, 1.0 equiv), EtOH (17 mL), and Co(OAc)₂ (0.1385 g, 0.78 mmol, 1.0 equiv). The mixture was degassed and then heated to reflux under nitrogen for 3 h, cooled to room temperature. The precipitate was filtered and the purple solid was washed with EtOH (10 mL) and dried under high vacuum to give 0.3533 g (75%) of the cobalt(II) complex.

A mixture of (R)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(2-methylallyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one (490 mg, 1.18 mmol), the cobalt(II) complex whose preparation is described immediately above (8 mg, 0.01 equiv), TsCN (257 mg, 1.2 equiv), and PhSiH₃ (137 mg, 157 μL, 1.07 equiv) in ethanol (10 mL) was stirred 4 h at rt. After removing the solvent under reduced pressure, the residue was purified by chromatography on a 40 g silica gel column, eluted with a 25-80% EtOAc in hexanes gradient to afford 3-((R)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-2-oxo-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-6-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropanenitrile (267 mg, 51% yield). LC-MS (3 min. method) t_(R)=1.89 min., m/z 441, 443 (M+1)

Preparation 4 2,2-dimethyl-3-((R)-2-oxo-6-phenyl-3-((S)-1-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-1,3-oxazinan-6-yl)propanenitrile

3-((R)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-2-oxo-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-6-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropanenitrile (467 mg, 1.06 mmol), dioxaborolane) (538 mg, 2 equiv), KOAc (333 mg, 3.2 equiv), PdCl₂(dppf)CH₂Cl₂ (27 mg, 0.033 equiv) were mixed with dry DMSO (6 mL). The mixture was degassed and refilled with N₂ gas 3 times. The mixture was then heated overnight at 90° C. under protection of N₂ gas. After being cooled to rt, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc (30 mL), washed with water (20 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×15 mL). The combined organic layers were washed by water (15 mL), brine (2×10 mL) and dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtration and concentration, the residue was purified chromatography on a 40 g silica gel column, eluted with a 20-50% EtOAc in Hexanes gradient, to afford 2,2-dimethyl-3-((R)-2-oxo-6-phenyl-3-((S)-1-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-1,3-oxazinan-6-yl)propanenitrile (393 mg, 76% yield).

Preparation 5 3-((R)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazinan-6-yl)-2-methylpropanenitrile Method 1

Step 1. 1-chloro-3-(4-fluorophenyl)hex-5-en-3-ol

A 250-mL flask was charged with anhydrous CeCl₃ (5.58 g, 22.6 mmol) and THF (40 mL). The mixture was vigorously stirred for 3.5 h at rt. The suspension was then cooled to −78° C. and a solution of allylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M in THF, 21 mL, 21.0 mmol) was added. After stirring for 2 h at −78° C., a solution of 3-chloro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)propan-1-one (2.522 g, 13.5 mmol) in THF (30 mL) was added via cannula. The reaction mixture was allowed to slowly warm to 8° C. while stirring overnight (18 h). The reaction was then quenched with satd aq NaHCO₃, extracted with EtOAc, and dried over Na₂SO₄. After the solvents were evaporated, the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluted with hexanes/EtOAc to afford of 1-chloro-3-(4-fluorophenyl)hex-5-en-3-ol (3.0049 g, 97%) as an oil. LC-MS Method 1 t_(R)=1.79 min, m/z 213, 211 (M-OH)⁺; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.37-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.07-7.02 (m, 2H), 5.57-5.47 (m, 1H), 5.20-5.19 (m, 1H), 5.16 (m, 1H), 3.59-3.52 (m, 1H), 3.24-3.18 (m, 1H), 2.70 (dd, J=13.8, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 2.50 (dd, J=13.8, 8.5 Hz, 1H), 2.29 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 2.22 (s, 1H); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −116.52 (m).

Step 2. (R)-6-allyl-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-oxazinan-2-one and (5)-6-allyl-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-oxazinan-2-one

A mixture of 1-chloro-3-(4-fluorophenyl)hex-5-en-3-ol (0.4129 g, 1.8 mmol, 1.0 equiv), (S)-(−)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl isocyanate (0.5005 g, 2.2 mmol, 1.2 equiv), and DBU (0.7375 g, 4.8 mmol, 2.7 equiv) in THF (10 mL) was heated to reflux for 25 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed with 1 N aq HCl. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (2×). The combined organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄. After the solvents were evaporated, the crude product was directly used in the next step without further purification.

An analytical sample was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluted with hexanes/EtOAc to afford the two diastereomers of 6-allyl-3-((S)-1-(4-bromo-phenyl)ethyl)-6-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-oxazinan-2-one.

Isomer 1: (S)-6-allyl-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-oxazinan-2-one. LC-MS Method 1 t_(R)=2.03 min, m/z 420, 418 (MH⁺); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.46 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.31-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.17 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (t, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 5.76-5.66 (m, 2H), 5.10-4.99 (m, 2H), 2.75-2.52 (m, 4H), 2.23-2.19 (m, 1H), 2.08-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.24 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −115.07 (m).

Isomer 2: (R)-6-allyl-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-oxazinan-2-one. LC-MS Method 1 t_(R)=1.98 min, m/z 420, 418 (MH⁺); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.25-7.20 (m, 4H), 7.05-7.01 (m, 2H), 6.71 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 5.74-5.64 (m, 1H), 5.58 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 5.09-4.99 (m, 2H), 2.92-2.87 (m, 1H), 2.63-2.50 (m, 2H), 2.33-2.16 (m, 3H), 1.47 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −114.91 (m).

Step 3

A mixture of (R)-6-allyl-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-oxazinan-2-one (1.0668 g, 2.55 mmol, 1.0 equiv), the cobalt(II) catalyst described in Preparation 3 (0.0160 g, 0.0264 mmol, 0.010 equiv), TsCN (0.5546 g, 3.06 mmol, 1.2 equiv), and PhSiH₃ (0.2944 g, 2.72 mmol, 1.07 equiv) in EtOH (5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. After the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluted with hexanes/ethyl acetate to afford 1.0130 g (89%) of 3-((R)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazinan-6-yl)-2-methylpropanenitrile as a solid. LC-MS t_(R)=1.83, 1.86 min in 3 min chromatography, m/z 445, 447 (MH⁺); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) (5 7.32-7.22 (m, 4H), 7.13-7.05 (m, 2H), 6.80-6.73 (m, 2H), 5.60-5.56 (m, 1H), 3.00-1.94 (m, 7H), 1.51-1.49 (m, 3H), 1.35-1.32 (m, 1.5H), 1.27-1.24 (m, 1.5H); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −113.08 (m), −113.69 (m).

Step 4

To a solution of 3-((R)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazinan-6-yl)-2-methylpropanenitrile (0.3322 g, 0.746 mmol) and MeI (1.40 g, 13 equiv) in THF (12 mL) at −78° C. was added 2.4 mL (2.4 mmol, 3.2 equiv) of a 1.0 M LiHMDS solution in THF. The resulting mixture was stirred overnight, with the temperature slowly rising to ambient. The reaction mixture was quenched with brine (1 mL), diluted with CH₂Cl₂, and dried over Na₂SO₄. After the solvents were evaporated, the residue was purified by reversed-phase HPLC (SunFire™ Prep C₁₈ OBD™ 5 μm 19×50 mm column, 10%→90% CH₃CN/H₂O, 0.1% CF₃COOH over 8 min and then 90% CH₃CN/H₂O, 0.1% CF₃COOH over 2 min, flow rate 20 mL/min) to afford 0.2547 g (74%) of 3-((R)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazinan-6-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropanenitrile. LC-MS Method 1 t_(R)=1.89 min, m/z 459, 461 (MH⁺); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.31-7.27 (m, 2H), 7.22-7.18 (m, 2H), 7.04-6.99 (m, 2H), 6.83 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 5.41 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.02-2.97 (m, 1H), 2.42-2.36 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.08 (m, 4H), 1.42 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.30 (s, 3H), 1.22 (s, 3H); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CD₃OD) δ −116.50 (m).

Method 2

Step 1

A solution of 3-chloro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-propan-1-one (18.6 g, 0.1 mol) in THF (50 mL) was added to a well-stirred suspension of zinc power (13 g, 0.2 mol) in a mixture of aqueous saturated NH₄Cl solution (260 mL) and THF (65 mL). A solution of 3-iodo-2-methylprop-1-ene (36.4 g, 0.2 mol) in THF (50 mL) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was mildly exothermic, and began to reflux spontaneously. After the refluxing had ceased, the mixture was stirred for 1 h. TLC showed the 3-chloro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)propan-1-one not reacted completely. A solution of 3-iodo-2-methylprop-1-ene (18.2 g, 0.1 mol) in THF (30 mL) was added, and the mixture was stirred at rt overnight. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×500 mL). The combined organic layer was dried and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluted with petroleum ether/EtOAc 50:1→30:1→5:1, to give 1-chloro-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-methylhex-5-en-3-ol (17 g, yield 76%) as an oil.

Step 2

A mixture of 1-chloro-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-methylhex-5-en-3-ol (3.15 g, 13 mmol), (S)-(−)-1-(-bromophenyl)ethyl isocyanate (3.5 g, 16 mmol), and DBU (8 g, 33 mmol) in THF (80 mL) was heated to reflux for 25 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed with 1N aq HCl. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (3 x). The combined organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄. After the solvents were evaporated, the crude product was purified by column to give (R)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-ethyl)-6-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(2-methylallyl)-1,3-oxazinan-2-one (2.13 g, yield: 38%).

Step 3

A mixture of (R)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(2-methylallyl)-1,3-oxazinan-2-one (2.13 g, 4.9 mmol), the cobalt(II) catalyst described in Preparation 3 (0.032 g, 0.053 mmol), TsCN (1.11 g, 6.12 mmol), and PhSiH₃ (0.6 g, 5.54 mmol) in EtOH (10 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 8 h. After the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, the residue was purified by column chromatography to give 3-((R)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazinan-6-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropanenitrile (1.84 g, 81.1%).

Preparation 6 3-((R)-6-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxo-3-((S)-1-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-1,3-oxazinan-6-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropanenitrile

To a solution of 3-((R)-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazinan-6-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropanenitrile (730 mg, 1.59 mmol) in DMSO (8 mL) was added bis(pinacolato)diboron (480 mg, 1.89 mmol), KOAc (480 mg, 4.89 mmol) and Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (45 mg, 0.042 mmol) under nitrogen atmosphere. The formed mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 20 h. The reaction was quenched with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to give the crude product, which was purified by column chromatography to give 3-((R)-6-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxo-3-((S)-1-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-1,3-oxazinan-6-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropanenitrile (191 mg, 23.7%).

Preparation 7 (R)-6-allyl-6-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-((S)-1-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-1,3-oxazinan-2-one

A mixture of (R)-6-allyl-3-((S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)-6-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-oxazinan-2-one (0.4910 g, 1.17 mmol, 1.0 equiv), bis(pinacolato)diboron (0.3925 g, 1.55 mmol, 1.3 equiv), KOAc (0.3696 g, 3.76 mmol, 3.2 equiv), and PdCl₂(dppf).CH₂Cl₂ (0.0316 g, 0.0386 mmol, 0.033 equiv) in DMSO (6 mL) was heated at 90° C. under N₂ for 20 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and water. The organic phase was washed with brine, and dried over Na₂SO₄. After the solvents were evaporated, the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluted with hexanes/ethyl acetate to give 0.4776 g (87%) of (R)-6-allyl-6-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-((S)-1-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-1,3-oxazinan-2-one as a white solid.

Preparation 8 6-bromo-2-methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine

To a stirred solution of 2-amino-5-bromopyridine (1.73 g, 10 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (20 mL) was added dimethylacetamide dimethylacetal (3.99 g, 30 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated to 130° C. overnight. After cooling to room temperature, the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure to afford the desired product N′-(5-bromo-pyridin-2-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-acetamidine as a brown oil.

To an ice-cooled, stirred solution of the above crude product in methanol (30 mL) and pyridine (1.58 g, 20 mmol) was added hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid (1.70 g, 15 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and was stirred overnight. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was partitioned between aq NaHCO₃ (100 mL) and EtOAc (100 mL). The aqueous layer was further extracted with EtOAc (100 mL), and the combined organic layers were washed sequentially with water (100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried over MgSO₄, and concentrated in vacuo and purified by chromatography column on silica gel with 1:1 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate to afford 6-bromo-2-methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine as an white solid (0.71 g, 33.4% yield over two steps).

Preparation 9 6-Bromo-2-methoxy-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine

Step 1: 1,2-Diamino-5-bromo-pyridinium 2,4,6-trimethyl-benzenesulfonate

O-(Mesitylsulfonyl)hydroxylamine (3.84 g) dissolved in dichloromethane (150 mL) was added over a period of 1 h to a stirred solution of 5-bromo-pyridin-2-ylamine (3.00 g) in dichloromethane (100 mL) chilled in an ice bath. The cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 min. The precipitate was separated by filtration, washed with dichloromethane, and dried to give the title compound as a colorless solid. Yield: 5.04 g (75% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=188/200 (Br) [M1+H]⁺; Mass spectrum (ESI): m/z=199 [M2−H]⁻.

Step 2: 2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10-Octahydro-pyrimido[1,2-a]azepin-1-ium 6-bromo-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-2-oxide

1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (0.39 mL) was added to a mixture of 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (0.50 g), 1,2-diamino-5-bromo-pyridinium 2,4,6-trimethyl-benzenesulfonate (0.50 g), and tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h, before another portion of 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (0.50 g) was added. After stirring the mixture for another 16 h, the solvent was evaporated and the residue was taken up in water. The aqueous phase was washed with ethyl acetate and concentrated. The residue was purified by HPLC on reversed phase (water/methanol) to give the title compound as a solid. Yield: 0.24 g (51% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z 214/216 (Br) [M1+H]⁺; Mass spectrum (EST⁻): m/z=153 [M2-H]⁻.

Step 3: 6-Bromo-2-methoxy-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine

Methyl iodide (60 μL) was added to a mixture of potassium carbonate (90 mg), 2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10-octahydro-pyrimido[1,2-a]azepin-1-ium 6-bromo-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-2-oxide (230 mg), and N,N-dimethylformamide (2.5 mL) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Water was then added and the resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extract was washed with brine and dried (MgSO₄). The solvent was evaporated to afford the title compound as a yellowish solid. Yield: 46 mg (32% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=228/230 (Br) [M+H]⁺.

Example 1 (S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-3-((S)-1-(4-(imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-6-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one

A microwave vial equipped with a flea stir bar was charged with (S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-6-phenyl-3-((S)-1-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborol-an-2-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-1,3-oxazinan-2-one (20 mg, 0.042 mmol), 6-chloroimidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine (13 mg, 0.083 mmol), NaHCO₃ (7 mg, 0.083 mmol), PdCl₂(dppf) (3 mg, 0.004 mmol), H₂O (0.1 mL) and dry dioxane (1.0 mL). The mixture was sparged with nitrogen for 10 min and heated at 110° C. for 30 min in the microwave. The mixture was diluted with glacial HOAc (0.1 mL) and methanol (0.6 mL), and filtered. The filtrate was purified directly by prep HPLC to afford the title compound (12.8 mg, 65%) as an oil. LC-MS Method 1 t_(R)=1.28 min, m/z=471; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) 0.97 (s, 3H), 1.26 (s, 3H), 1.59 (d, 3H), 2.17 (s, 2H), 2.29 (m, 1H), 2.50 (2H), 3.11 (m, 1H), 5.61 (q, 1H), 7.19 (d, 2H), 7.25-7.40 (5H), 7.93 (d, 2H), 8.19 (s, 1H), 8.27 (d, 1H), 8.42 (d, 1H), 8.54 (s, 1H).

Example 2 (S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-3-((S)-1-(4-(2-methylimidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-6-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one

The title compound was prepared following a procedure analogous to that described in Example 1 using 6-chloro-2-methylimidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine. LC-MS Method 1 t_(R)=1.28 min, m/z=485; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) 0.96 (s, 3H), 1.25 (s, 3H), 1.59 (d, 3H), 2.18 (s, 2H), 2.29 (m, 1H), 2.50 (2H), 3.13 (m, 1H), 5.61 (q, 1H), 7.20 (d, 2H), 7.25-7.40 (5H), 8.94 (d, 2H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 8.28 (d, 1H), 8.41 (d, 1H).

Example 3 (S)-3-((S)-1-(4-([1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one

To a solution of (S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-6-phenyl-3-((S)-1-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-1,3-oxazinan-2-one (300 mg, 0.63 mmol) and 6-bromo-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine (149 mg, 0.75 mmol) in dry 1,4-dioxane (15 mL) were added 2M aq Cs₂CO₃ (2 mL) and Pd(PPh₃)Cl₂ (40 mg, 0.056 mmol). After addition, the mixture was heated to reflux for 2 h under N₂ atmosphere. The solid was filtered off and diluted with water (50 mL) and EtOAc (100 mL), the mixture was extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (100 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified by prep TLC to afford (S)-3-((S)-1-(4-([1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one (188 mg, yield: 63.5%). LC-MS Method t_(R)=1.18 min, m/z=471, 418; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ1.05 (s, 3H), 1.12 (s, 3H), 1.49-1.51 (m, 3H), 2.15-2.18 (m, 2H), 2.21-2.23 (m, 1H), 2.32-2.37 (m, 1H), 2.82-2.87 (m, 1H), 3.01-3.06 (m, 1H), 5.63-5.68 (m, 1H), 7.01-7.06 (m, 2H), 7.19-7.22 (m, 3H), 7.29-7.32 (m, 3H), 7.33-7.36 (m, 2H), 7.36-7.38 (m, 1H), 7.75-7.78 (m, 1H), 7.11-7.13 (m, 1H), 8.79 (s, 1H).

Example 4 (S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-3-((S)-1-(4-(2-methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one

The title compound was prepared from (S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-6-phenyl-3-((S)-1-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-1,3-oxazinan-2-one and 6-bromo-2-methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine following a procedure analogous to that described in Example 3. LC-MS Method 2 t_(R)=1.27 min, 507, 485; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 0.97 (s, 3H), 1.29 (s, 3H), 1.58 (d, 3H), 2.18 (s, 2H), 2.27 (m, 1H), 2.51 (m, 2H), 2.63 (s, 3H), 3.10 (m, 1H), 5.62 (q, 1H), 7.13 (d, 2H), 7.30-7.40 (5H), 7.52 (d, 2H), 7.82 (d, 1H), 8.05 (d, 1H), 8.96 (s, 1H).

6-bromo-2-methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine was prepared as described in Edmondson, S. D. et al J. Med. Chem. 2006, 49, 3614-3627.

Example 5 (S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-6-isopropyl-3-((S)-1-(4-(2-methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-1,3-oxazinan-2-one

To a solution of 6-bromo-2-methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine (9.5 mg, 0.045 mmol) in DME (3 mL) was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (5.2 mg, 0.0045 mmol) under N₂. After being stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, the mixture was added a solution of (S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-6-isopropyl-3-((S)-1-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-1,3-oxazinan-2-one (20 mg, 0.045 mmol) in ethanol (1.5 mL) and saturated NaHCO₃ solution (1 mL). The mixture was heated to reflux for 2 hours under N₂. The reaction mixture was treated with ethyl acetate (10 mL) and water (10 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC to give (S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-6-isopropyl-3-(5)-1-(4-(2-methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl) phenyl)ethyl)-1,3-oxazinan-2-one (6.00 mg, 30%). LC-MS Method 2 t_(R)=0.99 min, m/z=451. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD): 0.90 (d, 3H), 1.00 (d, 3H), 1.33 (d, 6H), 1.65 (d, 3H), 1.78 (d, 1H), 1.93 (m, 2H), 2.17 (m, 1H), 2.28 (m, 1H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 2.84 (m, 1H), 3.39 (m, 1H), 5.73 (q, 1H), 7.52 (d, 2H), 7.76 (m, 3H), 8.01 (d, 1H), 8.99 (s,

(S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-6-isopropyl-3-((S)-1-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-1,3-oxazinan-2-one was prepared as described in WO 2009/134400 Example 17.

Example 6 (S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-3-((S)-1-(imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-6-yl)piperidin-3-yl)-6-phenyl-1,3-oxazinan-2-one

The TFA salt of (S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-6-phenyl-3-((S)-piperidin-3-yl)-1,3-oxazinan-2-one (6 mg, 0.018 mmol), 6-chloroimidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine (6 mg, 2.15 equiv.), and i-Pr₂NEt (30 μL, excess) were mixed with isopropanol (1 mL). The mixture was heated in a microwave oven at 160° C. for 2.5 h. After being cooled to rt, the mixture was filtered and purified by prep HPLC to afford the title compound (0.82 mg) as brown oil. LC-MS Method 1 t_(R)=1.07 min., m/z=450 (M+1).

The TFA salt of (S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-6-phenyl-3-((S)-piperidin-3-yl)-1,3-oxazinan-2-one was prepared as described in WO 2009/134384.

Example 7 (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-3-{(5)-1-[4-(2-methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo pyridin-7-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

2 M aqueous Na₂CO₃ solution (0.31 mL) was added to a mixture of 7-bromo-2-methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine (0.10 g) and (S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-3-{(5)-1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one (0.15 g) in N,N-dimethylformamide (2 mL). The resulting mixture was sparged with argon for 5 min prior to the addition of [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene]dichloro-palladium(II) dichloromethane complex (15 mg). The mixture was heated to 100° C. and stirred at this temperature overnight. After cooling the mixture to ambient temperature, water was added and the resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extract was washed with brine and dried (MgSO₄). The solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by HPLC on reversed phase (methanol/water/NH₄OH) to afford the title compound. Yield: 0.10 g (66% of theory); Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=485 [M+H]⁺; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 0.82 (s, 3H), 1.19 (s, 3H), 1.48 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 2.03 (s, 2H), 2.13-2.23 (m, 1H), 2.38-ca. 2.55 (m, 2H) superimposed on DMSO-d₅, 2.70 (s, 3H), 3.01-3.09 (m, 1H), 4.24 (s, 1H), 5.45 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (dm, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.24-7.41 (m, 6H), 7.60 (dm, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.91 (hardly resolved m, 1H), 8.39 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H).

Example 8 (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-3-[(S)-1-(4-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-7-yl-phenyl)-ethyl]-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

The title compound was prepared from (S)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-3-{(S)-1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one and 7-bromo-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine following a procedure analogous to that described in EXAMPLE 7. Yield: 68% of theory; Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=471 [M+H]⁺; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 0.82 (s, 3H), 1.19 (s, 3H), 1.49 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 2.03 (s, 2H), 2.14-2.23 (m, 1H), 2.39-ca. 2.55 (m, 2H) superimposed on DMSO-d₅, 3.01-3.09 (m, 1H), 4.23 (s, 1H), 5.46 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (dm, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.27-7.41 (m, 5H), 7.46 (dm, J=7.2, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (dm, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 8.06 (hardly resolved d, 1H), 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.98 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H).

Example 9 (S)-6-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-3-{(S)-1-[4-(2-methoxy-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-6-phenyl-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one

The title compound was prepared from (5)-6-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl)-6-phenyl-3-{(S)-1-[4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl}-[1,3]oxazinan-2-one and 6-bromo-2-methoxy-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine following a procedure analogous to that described in EXAMPLE 7. Yield: 66% of theory; Mass spectrum (ESI⁺): m/z=501 [M+H]⁺; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 0.81 (s, 3H), 1.19 (s, 3H), 1.48 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 2.03 (s, 2H), 2.13-2.22 (m, 1H), 2.38-ca. 2.53 (m, 2H) superimposed on DMSO-d₅, 3.00-3.07 (m, 1H), 4.04 (s, 3H), 4.23 (s, 1H), 5.44 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.27-7.40 (m, 5H), 7.51 (dm, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.67 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (dd, J=9.2, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 9.05 (hardly resolved d, 1H).

Biological Test Example 1

The inhibition of a microsomal preparation of 11β-HSD1 by compounds of the invention was measured essentially as previously described (K. Solly, S. S. Mundt, H. J. Zokian, G. J. Ding, A. Hermanowski-Vosatka, B. Strulovici, and W. Zheng, High-Throughput Screening of 11-Beta-Hydroxyseroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 in Scintillation Proximity Assay Format. Assay Drug Dev Technol 3 (2005) 377-384). All reactions were carried out at rt in 96 well clear flexible PET Microbeta plates (PerkinElmer). The assay begins by dispensing 49 μl of substrate solution (50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 100 mM KCl, 5 mM NaCl, 2 mM MgCl₂, 2 mM NADPH and 160 nM [³H]cortisone (1 Ci/mmol)) and mixing in 1 μL of the test compounds in DMSO previously diluted in half-log increments (8 points) starting at 0.1 mM. After a 10 minute pre-incubation, 50 μL of enzyme solution containing microsomes isolated from CHO cells overexpressing human 11β-HSD1 (10-20 μg/ml of total protein) was added, and the plates were incubated for 90 minutes at rt. The reaction was stopped by adding 50 μl of the SPA beads suspension containingl 0 μM 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, 5 mg/ml protein A coated YSi SPA beads (GE Healthcare) and 3.3 μg/ml of anti-cortisol antibody (East Coast Biologics) in Superblock buffer (Bio-Rad). The plates were shaken for 120 minutes at rt, and the SPA signal corresponding to [³H]cortisol was measured on a Microbeta plate reader.

Biological Test Example 2

The inhibition of 11β-HSD1 by compounds of this invention was measured in whole cells as follows. Cells for the assay were obtained from two sources: fully differentiated human omental adipocytes from Zen-Bio, Inc.; and human omental pre-adipocytes from Lonza Group Ltd. Pre-differentiated omental adipocytes from Zen-Bio Inc. were purchased in 96-well plates and were used in the assay at least two weeks after differentiation from precursor preadipocytes. Zen-Bio induced differentiation of pre-adipocytes by supplementing medium with adipogenic and lipogenic hormones (human insulin, dexamethasone, isobutylmethylxanthine and PPAR-gamma agonist). The cells were maintained in full adipocyte medium (DMEM/Ham's F-12 (1:1, v/v), HEPES pH 7.4, fetal bovine serum, penicillin, streptomycin and Amphotericin B, supplied by Zen-Bio, Inc.) at 37° C., 5% CO₂.

Pre-adipocytes were purchased from Lonza Group Ltd. and placed in culture in Preadipocyte Growth Medium-2 supplemented with fetal bovine serum, penicillin, and streptomycin (supplied by Lonza) at 37° C., 5% CO₂. Pre-adipocytes were differentiated by the addition of insulin, dexamethasone, indomethacin and isobutyl-methylxanthine (supplied by Lonza) to the Preadipocyte Growth Medium-2. Cells were exposed to the differentiating factors for 7 days, at which point the cells were differentiated and ready for the assay. One day before running the assay, the differentiated omental adipocytes were transferred into serum- and phenol-red-free medium for overnight incubation. The assay was performed in a total volume of 200 μL. The cells were pre-incubated with serum-free, phenol-red-free medium containing 0.1% (v/v) of DMSO and various concentrations of the test compounds at least 1 h before [³H] cortisone in ethanol (50 Ci/mmol, ARC, Inc.) was added to achieve a final concentration of cortisone of 100 nM. The cells were incubated for 3-4 hrs at 37° C., 5% CO₂. Negative controls were incubated without radioactive substrate and received the same amount of [³H] cortisone at the end of the incubation. Formation of [³H] cortisol was monitored by analyzing 25 μL of each supernatant in a scintillation proximity assay (SPA). (Solly, K.; Mundt, S. S.; Zokian, H. J.; Ding, G. J.; Hermanowski-Vosatka, A.; Strulovici, B.; Zheng, W. Assay Drug Dev. Technol. 2005, 3, 377-384). Many compounds of the invention showed significant activity in this assay.

Biological Test Example 3

In vitro inhibition of 11β-HSD1 by test compounds was determined with HTRF (Homogeneous Time-Resolved Fluorescence) technology (cisbio international, France) detecting cortisol generated from cortisterone by human liver microsomes. Briefly, compounds were incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. in Tris buffer (20 mM tris, 5 mM EDTA, pH 6.0) containing NADPH (200 μM) and cortisone (80 nM). Cortisol generated in the reaction is then detected with a competitive immunoassay, involving two HTRF conjugates: cortisol linked to XL665 and anti-cortisol antibody labeled with Europium cryptate. The incubation period for detection reaction was typically 2 hours. The amount of cortisol was determined by reading the time-resolved fluorescence of the wells (Ex 320/75 nm; Em 615/8.5 nm and 665/7.5 nm). The ratio of the two emission signals was then calculated (Em665*10000/Em615). Each assay contained incubations with vehicle controls instead of compound as controls for non-inhibited cortisol generation (100% CTL; ‘high values’) and incubations with carbenoxolone as controls for fully inhibited enzyme and cortisol background (0% CTL; ‘low values’). Each assay also contained a calibration curve with cortisol to transform the fluorescent data into cortisol concentrations. Percent inhibition of each compound was determined relative to the carbenoxolone signal.

Biological Test Example 4

The inhibition of a microsomal preparation of 11β-HSD1 in the presence of 50% human plasma by compounds of the invention was measured as follows. Microsomes from CHO cells overexpressing human 11β-HSD1 were diluted into reaction buffer consisting of 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 50 mM KCl, 2.5 mM NaCl, 1 mM MgC12, and 50% (v/v) human plasma (BioChemed). The assay began by dispensing 49 μl of microsome solution into 96-well polypropylene plates and adding 1 μl of the test compounds in DMSO, previously diluted in half-log increments (8 points) starting at 1.0 mM. The reaction was initiated with the addition of 50 μl substrate solution consisting of reaction buffer with 2 mM NADPH and 160 nM [3-H]cortisone (1 Ci/mmol). The plates were incubated for 120 minutes at rt, and the reaction was quenched with the addition of 100 μl acetonitrile with 20 mM cortisone and 20 mM cortisol. After a ten minute incubation at rt, 100 μl of each well was filtered through a MultiScreen HTS, HV filter plate (Millipore) and diluted with 100 μl of reaction buffer without human plasma. [³—H]cortisone and [³—H]cortisol were separated by HPLC on a Zorbax SB-C8 column (4.6×250 mm, Agilent) with an isocratic elution at 25% acetonitrile in water with 0.01% trifluoroacetic acid, and radioactivity was quantified with an in-line β-RAM (IN/US Systems, Inc.)

Table of Biological Assay Results

Biological Test Example 1 Average % inhibition at Compound IC₅₀ Range^(a) 100 nM EXAMPLE 1 ++ 99.4 EXAMPLE 2 ++ 92.5 EXAMPLE 3 ++ 93.1 EXAMPLE 4 ++ 96.5 EXAMPLE 5 ++ 78.8 EXAMPLE 6 ++ 67.2 ^(a)++ means IC₅₀ = <100 nM, + means IC₅₀ = 100-1000 nM, # means IC₅₀ > 100 nM, − means IC₅₀ > 1000 nM.

Table of Biological Assay Results for Biological Tests 1 and 4

Biological Test Biological Test Example 1 Example 4^(a) EXAMPLE IC₅₀ (nM) IC₅₀ (nM) Shift^(b) 1 1.0 2.9 2.9 2 1.0 5.9 6.2 3 1.4 5.0 3.6 4 1.7 8.1 4.8 5 22 >1000 >44.8 6 40 nt — ^(a)nt means not tested; ^(b)Shift is the IC₅₀ determined in Biological Test Example 4 divided by the IC₅₀ determined in Biological Test Example 1.

Table of Biological Assay Results for Biological Test 3

EXAMPLE IC₅₀ (nM) 4 58 7 31 8 52 9 54

Table of Biological Assay Results for Comparator Compounds in Biological Tests 1 and 4

Biological Test Biological Test Comparator Example 1 Example 4^(a) Compound IC₅₀ (nM) IC₅₀ (nM) Shift^(b) 1 0.77 11.97 15.51 2 1.80 14.16 7.88 3 0.75 17.74 23.63 4 1.44 15.24 10.57 5 0.51 18.50 36.10 6 1.48 37.58 25.39 7 0.99 41.90 42.43 8 0.72 17.85 24.74 9 0.55 11.86 21.45 10 1.79 53.49 29.91 11 0.55 13.40 24.59 12 1.08 19.54 18.12 13 0.76 6.32 8.30 14 1.30 8.94 6.90 15 0.79 8.94 11.32 ^(a)nt means not tested; ^(b)Shift is the IC₅₀ determined in Biological Test Example 4 divided by the IC₅₀ determined in Biological Test Example 1.

STRUCTURES OF COMPARATOR COMPOUNDS

Comparator 1

Comparator 2

Comparator 3

Comparator 4

Comparator 5

Comparator 6

Comparator 7

Comparator 8

Comparator 9

Comparator 10

Comparator 11

Comparator 12

Comparator 13

Comparator 14

Comparator 15

The compounds of the invention are useful for ameliorating or treating disorders or diseases in which decreasing the level of cortisol is effective in treating a disease state. Thus, the compounds of the invention can be used in the treatment or prevention of diabetes mellitus (e.g., type II diabetes), obesity, symptoms of metabolic syndrome, glucose intolerance, hyperglycemica, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, lipodystrophy, osteoporosis, glaucoma, Cushing's syndrome, Addison's Disease, visceral fat obesity associated with glucocorticoid therapy, depression, anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, cognitive decline (including age-related cognitive decline), polycystic ovarian syndrome, infertility and hypergonadism. The compounds of the invention can be used as therapeutic agents for pseudo Cushing's Syndrome associated with alcoholic liver disease. In addition, the compounds modulate the function of B and T cells of the immune system and can therefore be used to treat diseases such as tuberculosis, leprosy and psoriasis. They can also be used to promote wound healing, particularly in diabetic patients.

Additional diseases or disorders that are related to 11β-HSD1 activity include those selected from the group consisting of lipid disorders, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL levels, high LDL levels, vascular restenosis, pancreatitis, abdominal obesity, neurodegenerative disease, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, Cushing's syndrome, hyperinsulinemia, viral diseases, and Syndrome X. A further disease related to 11β-HSD1 activity is pseudo Cushing's Syndrome associated with alcoholic liver disease.

A pharmaceutical composition of the invention may, alternatively or in addition to an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor of the invention, comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor of the invention and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers therefore. Alternatively, a pharmaceutical composition of the invention may comprise a compound of an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor of the invention or a pharmaceutical salt thereof as the only pharmaceutically active agent in the pharmaceutical composition. The disclosed 11β-HSD1 inhibitors can be used alone or in a combination therapy with one or more additional agents for the treatment of diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, obesity, cancer or glaucoma.

The compositions of the invention are 11β-HSD1 inhibitors. Said compositions contain compounds having a mean inhibition constant (IC₅₀) against 11β-HSD1 of below about 1,000 nM; preferably below about 100 nM; more preferably below about 50 nM; even more preferably below about 5 nM; and most preferably below about 1 nM.

The invention includes a therapeutic method for treating or ameliorating an 11β-HSD1 mediated disorder in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor of the invention, or an enantiomer, diastereomer, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or composition thereof. As used herein, “treating” or “treatment” includes both therapeutic and prophylactic treatment. Therapeutic treatment includes reducing the symptoms associated with a disease or condition and/or increasing the longevity of a subject with the disease or condition. Prophylactic treatment includes delaying the onset of a disease or condition in a subject at risk of developing the disease or condition or reducing the likelihood that a subject will then develop the disease or condition in a subject that is at risk for developing the disease or condition.

An embodiment of the invention includes administering an 11β-HSD1 inhibiting compound of the invention or composition thereof in a combination therapy with one or more additional agents for the treatment of diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, obesity, cancer or glaucoma. Agents for the treatment of diabetes include insulins, such as Humulin® (Eli Lilly), Lantus® (Sanofi Aventis), Novolin (Novo Nordisk), and Exubera® (Pfizer); PPAR gamma agonists, such as Avandia® (rosiglitizone maleate, GSK) and Actos® (pioglitazone hydrochloride, Takeda/Eli Lilly); sulfonylureas, such as Amaryl® (glimepiride, Sanofi Aventis), Diabeta® (glyburide, Sanofi Aventis), Micronase®/Glynase® (glyburide, Pfizer), and Glucotrol®/Glucotrol XL® and (glipizide, Pfizer); meglitinides, such as Prandin®/NovoNorm® (repaglinide, Novo Nordisk), Starlix® (nateglinide, Novartis), and Glufast® (mitiglinide, Takeda); biguanides, such as Glucophase®/Glucophase XR® (metformin HCl, Bristol Myers Squibb) and Glumetza (metformin HCl, Depomed); thiazolidinediones; amylin analogs, GLP-1 analogs; DPP-IV inhibitors; PTB-1B inhibitors; protein kinase inhibitors (including AMP-activated protein kinase inhibitors); glucagon antagonists, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta inhibitors; glucose-6-phoshatase inhibitors; glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors; sodium glucose co-transporter inhibitors, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, such as Precose®/Glucobay®/Prandase®/Glucor® (acarbose, Bayer) and Glyset® (miglitol, Pfizer). Agents for the treatment of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease include statins, fibrates, and ezetimbe. Agents for the treatment of hypertension include alpha-blockers, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, dual ACE and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs), aldosterone synthase inhibitors, aldosterone-receptor antagonists, or endothelin receptor antagonist. Agents for the treatment of obesity include orlistat, phentermine, sibutramine and rimonabant.

An embodiment of the invention includes administering an 11β-HSD1 inhibiting compound of the invention or composition thereof in a combination therapy with one or more other 11β-HSD1 inhibitors, or with combination products, such as Avandamet® (metformin HCl and rosiglitazone maleate, GSK); Avandaryl® (glimepiride and rosiglitazone maleate, GSK); Metaglip® (glipizide and metformin HCl, Bristol Myers Squibb); and Glucovance® (glyburide and metformin HCl, Bristol Myers Squibb).

The compounds of the present invention can be prepared and administered in a wide variety of oral and parenteral dosage forms. Thus, the compounds of the present invention can be administered by injection, that is, intravenously, intramuscularly, intracutaneously, subcutaneously, intraduodenally, or intraperitoneally. Additionally, the compounds of the present invention can be administered intranasally or transdermally. It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the following dosage forms may comprise as the active ingredient, either compounds or a corresponding pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of the present invention.

For preparing pharmaceutical compositions from the compounds of the present invention, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can either be solid or liquid. Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, pills, capsules, cachets, suppositories, and dispersible granules. A solid carrier can be one or more substances which may also act as diluents, flavoring agents, solubilizers, lubricants, suspending agents, binders, preservatives, tablet disintegrating agents, or an encapsulating material. In powders, the carrier is a finely divided solid which is in a mixture with the finely divided active ingredient.

In tablets, the active ingredient is mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired.

The powders and tablets preferably contain from about one to about seventy percent of the active ingredient. Suitable carriers are magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar, lactose, pectin, dextrin, starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium caboxymethylcellulose, a low-melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like. Tablets, powders, cachets, lozenges, fast-melt strips, capsules and pills can be used as solid dosage forms containing the active ingredient suitable for oral administration.

For preparing suppositories, a low-melting wax, such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides or cocoa butter, is first-melted and the active ingredient is dispersed homogeneously therein, as by stirring. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds, allowed to cool, and thereby to solidify.

Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions, retention enemas, and emulsions, for example, water or water propylene glycol solutions. For parenteral injection, liquid preparations can be formulated in solution in aqueous polyethylene glycol solution.

Aqueous solutions suitable for oral administration can be prepared by dissolving the active ingredient in water and adding suitable colorants, flavors, stabilizing, and thickening agents as desired. Aqueous suspensions for oral administration can be prepared by dispersing the finely divided active ingredient in water with viscous material, such as natural or synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and other well-known suspending agents.

The pharmaceutical composition is preferably in unit dosage form. In such form, the composition is subdivided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active ingredient. The unit dosage form can be a packaged preparation, the package containing discrete quantities of, for example, tablets, powders, and capsules in vials or ampules. Also, the unit dosage form can be a tablet, cachet, capsule, or lozenge itself, or it can be the appropriate amount of any of these in packaged form.

The quantity of active ingredient in a unit dose preparation may be varied or adjusted from about 0.1 mg to about 1000.0 mg, preferably from about 0.1 mg to about 100 mg. The dosages, however, may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient, the severity of the condition being treated, and the compound being employed. Determination of the proper dosage for a particular situation is within the skill in the art. Also, the pharmaceutical composition may contain, if desired, other compatible therapeutic agents.

In therapeutic treatment or as a method-of-use as an inhibitor of 11β-HSD1 or an inhibitor in the production of cortisol in the cell, the active ingredient is preferably administered orally in a solid dosage form as disclosed above in an amount of about 0.1 mg to about 100 mg per daily dose where the dose is administered once or more than once daily.

All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application were specifically and individually designated as having been incorporated by reference. It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only, and it will be appreciated that the invention is susceptible to modification, variation and change without departing from the proper scope or fair meaning of the appended claims.

While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to example embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of Formula (I)

wherein: r is 0, 1, 2 or 3; s is 0 or 1 or when Q₂ is CH, s can also be 2; Q₁ is nitrogen and Q₂ is CH, or Q₁ is CH and Q₂ is nitrogen; each G¹ and G² is independently selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, carboxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, hydroxy(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, halo(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, hydroxy(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₂-C₄)alkynyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylhio, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, halo(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylhio, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cyclo-alkylalkanesulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, H₂NCO, H₂NSO₂, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl-aminocarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, heterocyclosulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, heteroaryl, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminosulfonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, cyano(C₁-C₆)alkyl, aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl and di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl; R¹ is (a) absent or (b) is selected from (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkoxy, or (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl and is optionally substituted with up to four groups independently selected from fluorine, cyano, oxo, R⁴, R⁴O—, (R⁴)₂N—, R⁴O₂C—, R⁴S, R⁴S(═O)—, R⁴S(═O)₂—, R⁴C(═O)NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)O—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴OC(═O)NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NC(═NCN)NR⁴—, (R⁴O)₂P(═O)O—, (R⁴O)₂P(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂O—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NR⁴—, R⁴S(═O)₂NR⁴—, R⁴S(═O)₂NHC(═O)—, R⁴S(═O)₂NHC(═O)O—, R⁴S(═O)₂NHC(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NHC(═O)—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NHC(═O)O—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NHC(═O)NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NHC(═O)—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NHC(═O)O—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NHC(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴C(═O)NHS(═O)₂—, R⁴C(═O)NHS(═O)₂O—, R⁴C(═O)NHS(═O)₂NR⁴—, R⁴OC(═O)NHS(═O)₂—, R⁴OC(═O)NHS(═O)₂O—, R⁴OC(═O)NHS(═O)₂NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NHS(═O)₂—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NHS(═O)₂O—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NHS(═O)₂NR⁴—, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, arylamino and heteroarylamino; A¹ is (a) a bond, or (b) (C₁-C₃)alkylene, CH₂CH₂O, wherein the oxygen is attached to Cy¹, or CH₂C(═O), wherein the carbonyl carbon is attached to Cy¹; Cy¹ is aryl, heteroaryl, monocyclic cycloalkyl or monocyclic heterocyclyl and is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, carboxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, hydroxy(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, halo(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, hydroxy(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₂-C₄)alkynyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylhio, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, halo(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylhio, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cyclo-alkylalkanesulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, H₂NCO, H₂NSO₂, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkylaminocarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, heterocyclosulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, heteroaryl, oxo, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminosulfonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, cyano(C₁-C₆)alkyl, aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl and di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl; Y is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl or oxo; n is 0, 1 or 2; E is (a) a bond or (b) (C₁-C₃)alkylene or (C₁-C₂)alkylenyloxy, wherein the O is attached to R², each of which is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from methyl, ethyl, trifluoromethyl or oxo; R² is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl and is optionally substituted with up to 4 groups independently selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, carboxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, hydroxy(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, halo(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, hydroxy(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₂-C₄)alkynyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylhio, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, halo(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylhio, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cyclo-alkylalkanesulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, H₂NCO, H₂NSO₂, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkylaminocarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, heterocyclosulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, heteroaryl, oxo, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminosulfonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, cyano(C₁-C₆)alkyl, aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl and di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl; R³ is selected from (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₅)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkoxy, or (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl and is optionally substituted with up to four groups independently selected from fluorine, cyano, oxo, R⁴, R⁴⁰—, (R⁴)₂N—, R⁴O₂C—, R⁴C(═O)O—, R⁴S, R⁴S(═O)—, R⁴S(═O)₂—, R⁴C(═O)NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)O—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴OC(═O)NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NC(═NCN)NR⁴—, (R⁴⁰)₂P(═O)O—, (R⁴⁰)₂P(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂O—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NR⁴—, R⁴S(═O)₂NR⁴—, R⁴S(═O)₂NHC(═O)—, R⁴S(═O)₂NHC(═O)O—, R⁴S(═O)₂NHC(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NHC(═O)—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NHC(═O)O—, R⁴OS(═O)₂NHC(═O)NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NHC(═O)—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NHC(═O)O—, (R⁴)₂NS(═O)₂NHC(═O)NR⁴—, R⁴C(═O)NHS(═O)₂—, R⁴C(═O)NHS(═O)₂O—, R⁴C(═O)NHS(═O)₂NR⁴—, R⁴OC(═O)NHS(═O)₂—, R⁴OC(═O)NHS(═O)₂O—, R⁴OC(═O)NHS(═O)₂NR⁴—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NHS(═O)₂—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NHS(═O)₂O—, (R⁴)₂NC(═O)NHS(═O)₂NR⁴—, spirocycloalkyl; heterocyclyl (which in turn may be optionally substituted with alkyl, haloalkyl, halogen or oxo), heteroaryl (which in turn may be optionally substituted with alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, halogen, trifluoromethyl, dialkylamino, nitro, cyano, CO₂H, CONH₂, N-monoalkyl-substituted amido, N,N-dialkyl-substituted amido, or oxo), arylamino (which in turn may be optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, halogen, trifluoromethyl, dialkylamino, nitro, cyano, CO₂H, CONH₂, N-monoalkyl-substituted amido and N,N-dialkyl-substituted amido) and heteroarylamino (which in turn may be optionally substituted with alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, halogen, trifluoromethyl, dialkylamino, nitro, cyano, CO₂H, CONH₂, N-monoalkyl-substituted amido, N,N-dialkyl-substituted amido, or oxo); R⁴ is independently selected from H, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl and (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of Formula (Ia) or (Ib):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.
 3. The compound of claim 2, wherein Cy¹ is aryl, heteroaryl, monocyclic cycloalkyl or monocyclic heterocyclyl and is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, carboxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, hydroxy(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, halo(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, hydroxy(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₂-C₄)alkynyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylhio, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, halo(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylhio, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cyclo-alkylalkanesulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, H₂NCO, H₂NSO₂, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkylaminocarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, heterocyclosulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, heteroaryl, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminosulfonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, cyano(C₁-C₆)alkyl, aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl and di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl.
 4. The compound of claim 3, wherein each G¹ independently selected from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₂)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl; fluorine, chlorine, cyano, amino, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)haloalkoxy, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, {(C₁-C₄)alkyl}{(C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl}aminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₄)alkylcarbonylamino, and oxo; and each G² is independently selected from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₂)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl; fluorine, chlorine, cyano, amino, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)haloalkoxy, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, {(C₁-C₄)alkyl}{(C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl}aminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₄)alkylcarbonylamino, oxo, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-carbonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, cyano(C₁-C₆)alkyl, aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl and di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl.
 5. The compound of claim 4, wherein R¹ is methyl or ethyl.
 6. The compound of claim 5, wherein R³ is selected from MeSO₂NHCH₂CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-nnethylpropyl and 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.
 7. The compound of claim 6, wherein R² is optionally substituted phenyl with 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl and SO₂Me.
 8. The compound of claim 2, wherein the compound is of Formula (Ic) or (Id)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.
 9. The compound of claim 8, wherein Cy¹ is aryl, heteroaryl, monocyclic cycloalkyl or monocyclic heterocyclyl and is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from independently selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, carboxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, hydroxy(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, halo(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, hydroxy(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₂-C₄)alkynyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylhio, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, halo(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylhio, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfinyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfinyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfinyl, (C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, (C₄-C₇)cycloalkylalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkanesulfonyl, halo(C₃-C₆)cycloalkanesulfonyl, halo(C₄-C₇)cyclo-alkylalkanesulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, H₂NCO, H₂NSO₂, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₃)alkoxy(C₁-C₃)alkylaminocarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminosulfonyl, heterocyclosulfonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, heteroaryl, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₂-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylcarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminosulfonyl, di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminosulfonyl, cyano(C₁-C₆)alkyl, aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl and di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl.
 10. The compound of claim 9, wherein each G¹ is independently selected from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₂)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, fluorine, chlorine, cyano, amino, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)haloalkoxy, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, {(C₁-C₄)alkyl}{(C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl}aminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₄)alkylcarbonylamino, and oxo; each G² is independently (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₂)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, fluorine, chlorine, cyano, amino, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)haloalkoxy, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl, di(C₁-C₄)alkylaminocarbonyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, {(C₁-C₄)alkyl}{(C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl}aminocarbonyl, (C₁-C₄)alkylcarbonylamino, oxo, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, cyano(C₁-C₆)alkyl, aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl and di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl.
 11. The compound of claim 10, wherein R¹ is methyl or ethyl.
 12. The compound of claim 11, wherein R³ is selected from MeSO₂NHCH₂CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl and 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl.
 13. The compound of claim 12, wherein R² is optionally substituted phenyl with 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl and SO₂Me.
 14. The compound of claim 2, wherein the compound is of Formula (Ie) or (If)

wherein x is 0,1, 2 or 3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 15. The compound of claim 14, wherein each G¹ is independently selected from fluoro, chloro, cyano, CONH₂, CONHMe, CONMe₂, CONHc-Pr, methoxy, ethoxy, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₂)alkyl, (C₁-C₂)haloalkyl, andoxo; and each G² is independently selected from fluoro, chloro, cyano, CONH₂, CONHMe, CONMe₂, CONHc-Pr, methoxy, ethoxy, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₄)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₂)alkyl, (C₁-C₂)haloalkyl, oxo, hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylsulfonylamino(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy(C₁-C₆)alkyl, amino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino(C₁-C₆)alkyl, cyano(C₁-C₆)alkyl, aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, di(C₁-C₆)alkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl, {(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl}{(C₁-C₆)alkyl}aminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl and di(C₃-C₆)cycloalkylaminocarbonyl(C₁-C₆)alkyl.
 16. The compound of claim 15, wherein R¹ is methyl or ethyl; R³ is selected from MeSO₂NHCH₂CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CH₂CH₂, H₂NC(═O)CMe₂CH₂, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl and 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl; and R² is optionally substituted phenyl with 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, CONH₂, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl and SO₂Me.
 17. The compound of claim 16, wherein R³ is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl or 2-cyano-2-methylpropyl; and R² is phenyl or fluorophenyl.
 18. A compound of Formula (Ig), (Ih), (Ii) or (Ij)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 19. A method of treating a subject with a disease associated with the activity or expression of 11β-HSD1, comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective amount of the compound of claim
 1. 20. A method of inhibiting 11β-HSD1 activity comprising the step of administering to a mammal in need of such treatment an effective amount of the compound of claim
 1. 21. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: i) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent; and ii) the compound of claim 1; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer or diastereomer thereof. 